Analytical Exposition
Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
Language Features of Analytical Exposition
• Using relational process
• Using internal conjunction
• Using causal conjunction
• Using Simple Present Tense
Exampel Teks Analitycal
Text 1
The importance of Reading
I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life. Why do I say so? Firstly, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world such as Science, technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.
Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something happening in any parts of the world which can we see directly.
Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we read books, newspaper or magazine on the entertainment coloumn such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc. To make us relaxed.
The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book about Irian Jaya we may feel we’re really sitting in the jungles not at home in our rooms.
From the facts above, it’s obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information and also entertainment. Or in summary we can say reading is truly important in our life.
Text 2
Learning English
Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.
Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.
Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample.
Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference.
In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.
Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.
From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.
Text 3
Smoking in Restaurant
Smoking in restaurants is just not on. It must not be allowed because it is rude, harmful to others and dangerous for the smokers.
Firstly, smoking in a restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all people and can turn them off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be put off by foul smelling smoke.
Another reason smoking should not be allowed in restaurant is the harm it can do to others. Passive smoking that is breathing in smoke made by a smoker can lead to asthma attacks and even cancer.
Finally, smoking is dangerous and a health risk to the smokers. Cigarettes cause heart and lung disease and people should not smoke anywhere, not just in restaurants.
Therefore, smoking in restaurants is impolite, harmful to others and a health risk to the smokers and should not be allowed in any restaurants.
Text 4
Dust Bin
To improve comfort and cleanliness at our school, a number of dust bins should be increased.
When we look at classrooms, school corridors and school yard, there are paper mineral water cups, straws, and napkins here and there. The condition of uncleanliness and discomfort really hinders learning and teaching environment. Litters thrown carelessly cause disease, especially empty plastic cup or glasses. They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed for dengue mosquitoes to spread out. Besides, these rubbish can deteriorate the scene. Well painted wall and green school yard do not mean anything litters are scattered everywhere.
Anyway I notice that most of the students in our school have responsibilities for the school environment. They put their litters on the proper places. But some are not diligent enough to find the dust bins. The numbers of dust binds in our schools are not enough. Ore dust bins should be put beside each of steps, outside of the classrooms, and some more also the corridors. Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when students want to throw away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, we do not have problems of freak and discomfort any more. Our school will be very clean and become a nice place to study.
Text 5
The Problem of Beeing to Fat
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body fat inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of health problem.
Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will work harder. It can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause diabetes and other serous disease.
Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women. They said that becoming too fat will bother their physical beauty appearance.
More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that overweight is not good enough for healthy life.
Sabtu, 10 April 2010
Discussion
Discussion
Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Example text Discussion
Text 1
the school’s new rule
Two students were discussing the school’s new rule that all the students must wear a cap and a tie. One of them showed her annoyance. She said that wearing a cap and a tie was only suitable for a flag ceremony. So, she was against the rule. Contrary to the girl’s opinion, the other student was glad with it. He said that he didn’t mind with the new rule because wearing a cap and a tie will make the students look great and like real educated persons. The first student gave the reasons that they would feel uncomfortable and hot. Moreover, the classrooms were not air conditioned. The second said it wasn’t a big problem. He was sure that the students would wear them proudly. They would surely be used to it any way.
Text 2
Giving Children Homework
There are a lot of discussion as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time?
Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further point they make is that a lot of homeworks are pointless and does not help the children learn at all.
However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school.
Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support.
I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time.
Text 3
The advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning
A few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even famous and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance learning courses and it is generally considered a way to improve one's life.
However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or disadvantage. Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any student’s convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed particular time and place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during off-hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take traditional class. With the online class system, the problem is absent.
Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is costly and needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have a computer with possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology devices are not always available for common students. Another disadvantage of distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional classroom, students have to wait for the feedback and comment until the instructor has review the works and sent response to them. Most of the time students will study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that social physical interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom
Regarding the individual’s learning style, some students are able to learn when there is a live interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher while others don’t really need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of person he/she is.
Text 4
Gift Cards Bring Advantages and Disadvantages
In retailers side, gift cards bring them some benefits. Selling gift card in simply selling product. When the cards are sold, they will get benefit. Additionally, gift card tends to be a matter of image and trend which means it is not strictly influenced by the functionality. Since gift card is the trend, the sales will increase significantly.
However, there is potential disadvantages in the side of consumers. For example, itune gift cards apply process in the way of completing the shopping. they need do one step to another steps in processing the shopping. Likely, most of the steps apply time and date of validity or expiration. When certain step loose that validating date, the gift cards may be in risk. The gift card can be rejected to redeem. Again, in retailers side, producing card its self is costly. It means that there is additional cost which retailers have to pay.
In whatever thing, we need to be wise. if we can use that gift card effectively, the disadvantages can be reduced.
Text 5
National Exam in Pros and Cons
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Example text Discussion
Text 1
the school’s new rule
Two students were discussing the school’s new rule that all the students must wear a cap and a tie. One of them showed her annoyance. She said that wearing a cap and a tie was only suitable for a flag ceremony. So, she was against the rule. Contrary to the girl’s opinion, the other student was glad with it. He said that he didn’t mind with the new rule because wearing a cap and a tie will make the students look great and like real educated persons. The first student gave the reasons that they would feel uncomfortable and hot. Moreover, the classrooms were not air conditioned. The second said it wasn’t a big problem. He was sure that the students would wear them proudly. They would surely be used to it any way.
Text 2
Giving Children Homework
There are a lot of discussion as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time?
Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further point they make is that a lot of homeworks are pointless and does not help the children learn at all.
However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school.
Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support.
I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time.
Text 3
The advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning
A few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even famous and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance learning courses and it is generally considered a way to improve one's life.
However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or disadvantage. Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any student’s convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed particular time and place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during off-hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take traditional class. With the online class system, the problem is absent.
Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is costly and needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have a computer with possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology devices are not always available for common students. Another disadvantage of distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional classroom, students have to wait for the feedback and comment until the instructor has review the works and sent response to them. Most of the time students will study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that social physical interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom
Regarding the individual’s learning style, some students are able to learn when there is a live interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher while others don’t really need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of person he/she is.
Text 4
Gift Cards Bring Advantages and Disadvantages
In retailers side, gift cards bring them some benefits. Selling gift card in simply selling product. When the cards are sold, they will get benefit. Additionally, gift card tends to be a matter of image and trend which means it is not strictly influenced by the functionality. Since gift card is the trend, the sales will increase significantly.
However, there is potential disadvantages in the side of consumers. For example, itune gift cards apply process in the way of completing the shopping. they need do one step to another steps in processing the shopping. Likely, most of the steps apply time and date of validity or expiration. When certain step loose that validating date, the gift cards may be in risk. The gift card can be rejected to redeem. Again, in retailers side, producing card its self is costly. It means that there is additional cost which retailers have to pay.
In whatever thing, we need to be wise. if we can use that gift card effectively, the disadvantages can be reduced.
Text 5
National Exam in Pros and Cons
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Review
Review
the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.
Example text Review
Text 1
The Last Emperor
Don’t go to see Don’t go to see The Last Emperor if you are expecting a history lesson. Bertolucci’s epic about the rise and fall of Pu Yi is hard to follow and confusing at times. But he has done a remarkable job of portraying the Chinese culture, and he has captured China in stunningly beautiful images. There are some touching scenes, as when the young Pu Yi’s nurse is taken from him. Unfortunately, the movie is too long and tends to drag at times.
Text 2
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Alex Fletcher (Hugh Grant) is a washed-up 80’s pop star who’s been reduced to working the nostalgia circuit at county fairs and amusement parks. The charismatic and talented musician gets a chance at a comeback when reigning diva Cora Corman (Haley Bennett) invites him to write and record a duet with her, but there’s a problem–Alex hasn’t written a song in years, he’s never written lyrics, and he has to come up with a hit in a matter of days, enter Sophie Fisher (Drew Barrymore), Alex’s attractively quirky lady, whose fl air for words strikes a chord with the struggling songwriter. On the rebound from a bad relationship,
Sophie is reluctant to collaborate with anyone, especially commitment-phobe Alex. As their chemistry heats up at the piano and under it, Alex and Sophie will have to face their fears–and the music–if they want to find the love and success they both deserve.
Text 3
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place in my heart.
I have to stay that of all the books, however, this was not my favourite.
When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works . . . you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping face of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we were reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures. Redding in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more into play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and tall, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.
The real story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book and this part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried! 0 as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.
Text 4
SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
If you are in the target three-to-nine year-old age group and a fan of the “The SpongeBob SquarePants” television series, you’ll probably like THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE, essentially an extended version of the cartoon series. Colorful and silly, the movie looks and sounds just like every other movie from Nickelodeon. Only the sassy Rugrats, with their sharply written dialog, manage to stand out among the Nickelodeon offerings. But, if your kids love SpongeBob SquarePants and a weekly dose isn’t enough for them, they’ll probably be begging you to take them to the movie version.
The plot starts with SpongeBob SquarePants (voiced by Tom Kenny) lamenting that he wasn’t chosen to be the manager of the Krusty Krab 2 restaurant, since his wall is filled with “Employee of Month” awards from original Krusty Krab. Other plot points include the stealing of the crown King Neptune (voiced by Jeffrey Tambor) and the enslavement of restaurant patrons by mind control helmet designed by Plankton (voiced by Mr. Lawrence) , the owner of a rival establishment of the Krusty Krab.
About as funny as the story ever gets is when someone asks SpongeBob SquarePants if he has a license to drive his hamburger car. “ You don’t need a license to drive a sandwich”, he explains. THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE is for fans only.
THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE runs 1.30. It is rated PG for “some mild crude humor” and would be acceptable for all ages.
My nephew William, age 10, and my niece Liana, age 7, both liked the movie, William liked SpongeBob the best while the princess was his sister’s favourite character. William’s favourite scene was the David Hasselhoff cameo.
Text 5
FILMS INTACT
Frederico and Sam are two lucky men, Frederico survived an earthquake and has the power to wrench fortune from those around him: he has the gift, Sam is a survivor of the Jewish holocaust and manages a casino in the middle of a lava desert. One day, Frederico challenges Sam who expels him from paradise, taking his gift from him.
Years later, Frederico thinks that he has found in Tomas, the only survivor of an air accident, the instrument of his vengeance. By teaching him to control fortune, he can use him to return to the casino and challenge the God of fortune. Together they begin a journey of initiation, a succession of ever more strange and difficult tests in which the highest bet is the luck of others; luck, which in this game is captured in a simple photograph. Everything goes well until Sara, a policewoman who survives a car accident which kills her family, becomes obsessed with discovering what is behind these clandestine games in which death and luck become enmeshed. In which only one ca remain intact. This film is really worth watchi
the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.
Example text Review
Text 1
The Last Emperor
Don’t go to see Don’t go to see The Last Emperor if you are expecting a history lesson. Bertolucci’s epic about the rise and fall of Pu Yi is hard to follow and confusing at times. But he has done a remarkable job of portraying the Chinese culture, and he has captured China in stunningly beautiful images. There are some touching scenes, as when the young Pu Yi’s nurse is taken from him. Unfortunately, the movie is too long and tends to drag at times.
Text 2
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Alex Fletcher (Hugh Grant) is a washed-up 80’s pop star who’s been reduced to working the nostalgia circuit at county fairs and amusement parks. The charismatic and talented musician gets a chance at a comeback when reigning diva Cora Corman (Haley Bennett) invites him to write and record a duet with her, but there’s a problem–Alex hasn’t written a song in years, he’s never written lyrics, and he has to come up with a hit in a matter of days, enter Sophie Fisher (Drew Barrymore), Alex’s attractively quirky lady, whose fl air for words strikes a chord with the struggling songwriter. On the rebound from a bad relationship,
Sophie is reluctant to collaborate with anyone, especially commitment-phobe Alex. As their chemistry heats up at the piano and under it, Alex and Sophie will have to face their fears–and the music–if they want to find the love and success they both deserve.
Text 3
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place in my heart.
I have to stay that of all the books, however, this was not my favourite.
When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works . . . you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping face of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we were reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures. Redding in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more into play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and tall, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.
The real story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book and this part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried! 0 as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.
Text 4
SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
If you are in the target three-to-nine year-old age group and a fan of the “The SpongeBob SquarePants” television series, you’ll probably like THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE, essentially an extended version of the cartoon series. Colorful and silly, the movie looks and sounds just like every other movie from Nickelodeon. Only the sassy Rugrats, with their sharply written dialog, manage to stand out among the Nickelodeon offerings. But, if your kids love SpongeBob SquarePants and a weekly dose isn’t enough for them, they’ll probably be begging you to take them to the movie version.
The plot starts with SpongeBob SquarePants (voiced by Tom Kenny) lamenting that he wasn’t chosen to be the manager of the Krusty Krab 2 restaurant, since his wall is filled with “Employee of Month” awards from original Krusty Krab. Other plot points include the stealing of the crown King Neptune (voiced by Jeffrey Tambor) and the enslavement of restaurant patrons by mind control helmet designed by Plankton (voiced by Mr. Lawrence) , the owner of a rival establishment of the Krusty Krab.
About as funny as the story ever gets is when someone asks SpongeBob SquarePants if he has a license to drive his hamburger car. “ You don’t need a license to drive a sandwich”, he explains. THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE is for fans only.
THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE runs 1.30. It is rated PG for “some mild crude humor” and would be acceptable for all ages.
My nephew William, age 10, and my niece Liana, age 7, both liked the movie, William liked SpongeBob the best while the princess was his sister’s favourite character. William’s favourite scene was the David Hasselhoff cameo.
Text 5
FILMS INTACT
Frederico and Sam are two lucky men, Frederico survived an earthquake and has the power to wrench fortune from those around him: he has the gift, Sam is a survivor of the Jewish holocaust and manages a casino in the middle of a lava desert. One day, Frederico challenges Sam who expels him from paradise, taking his gift from him.
Years later, Frederico thinks that he has found in Tomas, the only survivor of an air accident, the instrument of his vengeance. By teaching him to control fortune, he can use him to return to the casino and challenge the God of fortune. Together they begin a journey of initiation, a succession of ever more strange and difficult tests in which the highest bet is the luck of others; luck, which in this game is captured in a simple photograph. Everything goes well until Sara, a policewoman who survives a car accident which kills her family, becomes obsessed with discovering what is behind these clandestine games in which death and luck become enmeshed. In which only one ca remain intact. This film is really worth watchi
report
Report
Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis
Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense
Example Text Report
Text 1
GIRAFFE’S SPOT
Most people don’t notice that giraffes have different patterns of spots. Certain species of giraffes have small spots. Other species have large spots. Some species have spots than are very regular. You can tell where one spot ends and another begins.
Other species have spots that are kind of blotchy. This means the spots are not set off from each other as clearly. These are only two of many kind of spots. The pattern of giraffe’s spots is called “marking”. No two giraffes have exactly the same marking.
Giraffe’s spots help them to blend in with their surroundings in Africa where they live. Being able to blend with surroundings helps animals survive. If a lion can’t see a giraffe, he certainly can’t eat it. This is called ‘protective coloration’. The animal’s colour helps to protect it.
Another thing that protects giraffes is their keen eyesight. Their large eyes are on the sides of their heads. Giraffes see anything that moves. They can see another animal a mile away. It is very hard to sneak up on a giraffe. Those who try usually get a quick kick with a powerful back leg.
Text 2
NEWSPAPERS
Newspapers are just what their name says. They are papers that print news. They first appeared in the 1400s just after printing began. Printers produced pamphlets telling people what was happening in the country and what they thought about it.
Modern newspapers first appeared in the 1700s. Today, there are newspapers in almost every country in the world, in many different languages. Some are printed everyday, some are every week.
One of the oldest newspapers is The Times which is printed in London . It began in 1785 when it was called the Universal Daily Register. It changed its name to The Times in 1788.
Our country, Indonesia , also has a lot of newspapers. There are 94 newspapers in Indonesia . The publishing is concentrated in large cities. Jakarta has 24 dailies with half the total national circulation. Manado has 15 dailies, Medan has 12, and Surabaya has 9.
The national news agency of Indonesia is Antara (Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara). It has domestic bureaus in thirty two provincial capitals and six foreign bureaus. Antara is an independent news agency.
Text 3
MUSIC
Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.
There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.
Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe . Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.
Jazz has also developed in Indonesia . Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.
Text 4
E-MAIL
Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.
There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.
Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe . Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.
Jazz has also developed in Indonesia . Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.
Text 5
SMS (Short Message Service)
SMS (Short Message Service) is a communications system which exchanges short text messages between mobile telephone devices. The SMS facilitates the development and growth of text messaging.
Messages are sent to a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) which provides a store-and-forward mechanism. It attempts to send messages to their recipients. If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide a "forward and forget" option where message delivery is tried only once. Message delivery is best effort, so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient. Delay or complete loss of a message is not uncommon, particularly when sending between networks. Users may choose to request delivery reports, which can provide confirmation that the message has reached the intended recipient.
The maximum single text message size is either 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. Characters in languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Slavic languages (e.g., Russian) must be encoded using the 16-bit UCS-2 character encoding.
Larger content (known as "long SMS" or multipart or segmented SMS) can be sent using multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a user data header (UDH) containing segmentation information. Long messages are often billed as equivalent to multiple SMS messages.
Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis
Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense
Example Text Report
Text 1
GIRAFFE’S SPOT
Most people don’t notice that giraffes have different patterns of spots. Certain species of giraffes have small spots. Other species have large spots. Some species have spots than are very regular. You can tell where one spot ends and another begins.
Other species have spots that are kind of blotchy. This means the spots are not set off from each other as clearly. These are only two of many kind of spots. The pattern of giraffe’s spots is called “marking”. No two giraffes have exactly the same marking.
Giraffe’s spots help them to blend in with their surroundings in Africa where they live. Being able to blend with surroundings helps animals survive. If a lion can’t see a giraffe, he certainly can’t eat it. This is called ‘protective coloration’. The animal’s colour helps to protect it.
Another thing that protects giraffes is their keen eyesight. Their large eyes are on the sides of their heads. Giraffes see anything that moves. They can see another animal a mile away. It is very hard to sneak up on a giraffe. Those who try usually get a quick kick with a powerful back leg.
Text 2
NEWSPAPERS
Newspapers are just what their name says. They are papers that print news. They first appeared in the 1400s just after printing began. Printers produced pamphlets telling people what was happening in the country and what they thought about it.
Modern newspapers first appeared in the 1700s. Today, there are newspapers in almost every country in the world, in many different languages. Some are printed everyday, some are every week.
One of the oldest newspapers is The Times which is printed in London . It began in 1785 when it was called the Universal Daily Register. It changed its name to The Times in 1788.
Our country, Indonesia , also has a lot of newspapers. There are 94 newspapers in Indonesia . The publishing is concentrated in large cities. Jakarta has 24 dailies with half the total national circulation. Manado has 15 dailies, Medan has 12, and Surabaya has 9.
The national news agency of Indonesia is Antara (Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara). It has domestic bureaus in thirty two provincial capitals and six foreign bureaus. Antara is an independent news agency.
Text 3
MUSIC
Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.
There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.
Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe . Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.
Jazz has also developed in Indonesia . Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.
Text 4
Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.
There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.
Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe . Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.
Jazz has also developed in Indonesia . Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.
Text 5
SMS (Short Message Service)
SMS (Short Message Service) is a communications system which exchanges short text messages between mobile telephone devices. The SMS facilitates the development and growth of text messaging.
Messages are sent to a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) which provides a store-and-forward mechanism. It attempts to send messages to their recipients. If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide a "forward and forget" option where message delivery is tried only once. Message delivery is best effort, so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient. Delay or complete loss of a message is not uncommon, particularly when sending between networks. Users may choose to request delivery reports, which can provide confirmation that the message has reached the intended recipient.
The maximum single text message size is either 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. Characters in languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Slavic languages (e.g., Russian) must be encoded using the 16-bit UCS-2 character encoding.
Larger content (known as "long SMS" or multipart or segmented SMS) can be sent using multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a user data header (UDH) containing segmentation information. Long messages are often billed as equivalent to multiple SMS messages.
Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory Exposition
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.
A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments
B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition
1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.
Example Text Hortatory Expotition
Text 1
SPACE TRAVEL
Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth. Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth.
Text 2
TV Pernyataan isue yang dipersoalkan
Argumentasi
Rekomendasi
Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course yes. Television can expose things you have tried to protect them from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism, etc.
A study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or bedtime often causes bedtime disruption, stress, and short of sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioned above, protect your children with the following tips:
1. Limit television viewing to 1 – 2 hours each day
2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms
3. Review the rating of TV shows that your children watch
4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening the show
Text 3
ADVERTISEMEN
Dear Editor,
We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons.
First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.
Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.
Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone’s favourite.
For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people’s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.
Text 4
OLD ENOUGHT
Old Enough?
When a person old enough to be responsible for a crime? This question needs to be investigated because the current law is not good enough
The law at present protects children aged between ten years and four years from being punished for committing crimes. It is believed that children under fourteen years are too young to realize the seriousness of their crimes. Mr. Stephen Scarlett, head of the NSW Children’s Court, describes how clever young offenders use this defense, saying that they are too young to understand that they have broken the law. Mr. Scarlett, an expert on this subject, states that the age should be dropped from fourteen to twelve years. I agree with this.
Teenagers these days are far more sophisticated than those in the past. The law should recognize this. In a recent survey some people suggested that the age for being responsible for a crime should be dropped to eight years old. This, I feel, is too young. Fourteen, however, is too old. Is there anyone who believes that a fourteen-year-old does not know that it is against the law to steal or vandalize property? By the age of twelve, children are aware of what is legal and what is not.
Public pressure creates change. It is now up to the public to put pressure on the government to change the age at which a person may be held responsible for a crime from fourteen years to twelve years. Out of date laws have no place in a modern society, especially one that needs people to be responsible for their actions.
Text 5
STUDENT’ CHEATING
Students’ cheating is one of the biggest problems faced by teachers nowadays.
Despite the fact that teachers advise their students not to do dishonest acts during tests, some students still do cheating. There are many kinds of cheating that students do during the test or examination, such as looking other students’ work, put some notes under their clothes, write notes or formulas on their desks make hand signals or go to rest rooms to get the answers from their friends.
In my view, students who do cheating are committing a crime. It is a sort of taking something illegally. This crime causes negative results to the students. Students who always cheat deteriorate their mental capacity. Cheating acts also create dependence. They weaken their self confidence. Instead of preparing for the coming test, they are busy to organize notes on a piece of paper. If this awful habit continues, the students will lose their opportunity to develop their intellectual and mind.
Therefore, school should consider cheating as a very serious problem. School board and administration should go hand to overcome this matter. Honesty must be put in school’s vision. Harsh punishment must be applied to students who commit this crime.
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.
A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments
B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition
1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.
Example Text Hortatory Expotition
Text 1
SPACE TRAVEL
Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth. Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth.
Text 2
TV Pernyataan isue yang dipersoalkan
Argumentasi
Rekomendasi
Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course yes. Television can expose things you have tried to protect them from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism, etc.
A study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or bedtime often causes bedtime disruption, stress, and short of sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioned above, protect your children with the following tips:
1. Limit television viewing to 1 – 2 hours each day
2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms
3. Review the rating of TV shows that your children watch
4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening the show
Text 3
ADVERTISEMEN
Dear Editor,
We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons.
First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.
Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.
Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone’s favourite.
For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people’s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.
Text 4
OLD ENOUGHT
Old Enough?
When a person old enough to be responsible for a crime? This question needs to be investigated because the current law is not good enough
The law at present protects children aged between ten years and four years from being punished for committing crimes. It is believed that children under fourteen years are too young to realize the seriousness of their crimes. Mr. Stephen Scarlett, head of the NSW Children’s Court, describes how clever young offenders use this defense, saying that they are too young to understand that they have broken the law. Mr. Scarlett, an expert on this subject, states that the age should be dropped from fourteen to twelve years. I agree with this.
Teenagers these days are far more sophisticated than those in the past. The law should recognize this. In a recent survey some people suggested that the age for being responsible for a crime should be dropped to eight years old. This, I feel, is too young. Fourteen, however, is too old. Is there anyone who believes that a fourteen-year-old does not know that it is against the law to steal or vandalize property? By the age of twelve, children are aware of what is legal and what is not.
Public pressure creates change. It is now up to the public to put pressure on the government to change the age at which a person may be held responsible for a crime from fourteen years to twelve years. Out of date laws have no place in a modern society, especially one that needs people to be responsible for their actions.
Text 5
STUDENT’ CHEATING
Students’ cheating is one of the biggest problems faced by teachers nowadays.
Despite the fact that teachers advise their students not to do dishonest acts during tests, some students still do cheating. There are many kinds of cheating that students do during the test or examination, such as looking other students’ work, put some notes under their clothes, write notes or formulas on their desks make hand signals or go to rest rooms to get the answers from their friends.
In my view, students who do cheating are committing a crime. It is a sort of taking something illegally. This crime causes negative results to the students. Students who always cheat deteriorate their mental capacity. Cheating acts also create dependence. They weaken their self confidence. Instead of preparing for the coming test, they are busy to organize notes on a piece of paper. If this awful habit continues, the students will lose their opportunity to develop their intellectual and mind.
Therefore, school should consider cheating as a very serious problem. School board and administration should go hand to overcome this matter. Honesty must be put in school’s vision. Harsh punishment must be applied to students who commit this crime.
Spoof
Spoof
Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Exampel Texs Spoof
Text 1
Al Brown
Al Brown was very good at fixing things around the house when they broke. One day he went to another city to do some work there, and his wife was alone in the house. While Mr. Brown was away, one of the faucets on the bathtub broke. Mrs. Brown didn’t know much about fixing broken faucets, so she telephoned a plumber.
The plumber came to the house that afternoon and fixed the faucet in few minutes. When he finished, he gave Mrs. Brown his bill for the work.
She looked at it for several seconds and then said, “Your prices are very high, aren’t they? Do you know, the doctor costs less than this when he comes to the house?”
“Yes, I know,” answered the plumber.” I know that very well, because I was a doctor until I was lucky enough to find this job a few months ago.”
Text 2
Ferocious Lion
Bert was telling his friend, Justin, about his Safari Trip in Africa . “I came face to face with a ferocious lion. He was snarling, showing me his long sharp teeth. He was literally salivating at seeing me. Man! I’d never been so scared before.”
“Wow! I’m glad I wasn’t in your shoes! So what happened next? Did you shoot him?”
“No, I didn’t have my gun with me.”
“You didn’t? Oh, man! That was really dumb.”
“Yeah, it was so stupid of me. Anyway, there I stood alone, without gun. The lion crept closer and closer and closer…. and I ….” Bert stopped and heaved a deep sigh, impatiently, Justin cried, “Come on, man! What did you do?”
Text 3
Hi CHICKEN FOR DINNER?
A landowner from Seoul went to visit his farmer in the countryside and was treated to a grand dinner of boiled chicken.
In the course of the meal, the farmer’s youngest son ran in, shouting, “There it is! He’s eating the dead chicken.”
The landowner thought that he had been served a long dead chicken. So he put down his chopsticks and told the servant to clear the table, politely saying, “This is enough for me. My stomach can’t take any more food.”
Just then, the boy started eating the chicken’s leg greedily saying at the same time, “Oh, this is really delicious.”
“Why are you eating the dead chicken?” asked the surprised landowner
“Who eats live chicken?” replied the boy
s pal shrugged his shoulders and said, “What could I do? I moved on to the next cage.”
Text 4
Mary
One day I asked Mary to do an exercise on the blackboard. When she got the front of the room, everybody began laughing. Mary would usually take any opportunity to get a laugh, so I was always on guard. This time, though, I really couldn’t see what was so funny. Then I noticed her stockings. She was wearing one red stocking and one blue one.
“What unusual stockings,” I remarked casually to Mary, hoping to stop the laughter by getting in on the joke.
“I’m so glad you like them,” Mary said seriously, “I have another pair at home just like them.”
I saw that this delighted the class even more. I’ve decided not to call on Mary again for some time.
Text 5
A Small Experiment
A Small Experiment
An elderly gentleman of 85 feared his wife was getting hard of hearing. So one day he called her doctor to make an appointment to have her hearing checked. The Doctor made an appointment for a hearing test in two weeks, and meanwhile there’s a simple informal test the husband could do to give the doctor some idea of the state of her problem.
“Here’s what you do,” said the doctor, “start out about 40 feet away from her, and in a normal conversational speaking tone see if she hears you. If not, go to 30 feet, then 20 feet, and so on until you get a response.”
That evening, the wife is in the kitchen cooking dinner, and he’s in the living room. He says to himself, “I’m about 40 feet away, let’s see what happens.”
Then in a normal tone he asks, “Honey, what’s for supper?” No response.
So the husband moved to the other end of the room, about 30 feet from his wife and repeats, “Honey, what’s for supper?” Still no response.
Next, he moves into the dining room where he is about 20 feet from his wife and asks, “Honey, what’s for supper?” Again he gets no response.
So he walks up to the kitchen door, only 10 feet away. “Honey, what’s for supper?” Again there is no response.
So he walks right up behind her. “Honey, what’s for supper?”
“Damn it Earl, for the fifth time, CHICKEN!”
Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Exampel Texs Spoof
Text 1
Al Brown
Al Brown was very good at fixing things around the house when they broke. One day he went to another city to do some work there, and his wife was alone in the house. While Mr. Brown was away, one of the faucets on the bathtub broke. Mrs. Brown didn’t know much about fixing broken faucets, so she telephoned a plumber.
The plumber came to the house that afternoon and fixed the faucet in few minutes. When he finished, he gave Mrs. Brown his bill for the work.
She looked at it for several seconds and then said, “Your prices are very high, aren’t they? Do you know, the doctor costs less than this when he comes to the house?”
“Yes, I know,” answered the plumber.” I know that very well, because I was a doctor until I was lucky enough to find this job a few months ago.”
Text 2
Ferocious Lion
Bert was telling his friend, Justin, about his Safari Trip in Africa . “I came face to face with a ferocious lion. He was snarling, showing me his long sharp teeth. He was literally salivating at seeing me. Man! I’d never been so scared before.”
“Wow! I’m glad I wasn’t in your shoes! So what happened next? Did you shoot him?”
“No, I didn’t have my gun with me.”
“You didn’t? Oh, man! That was really dumb.”
“Yeah, it was so stupid of me. Anyway, there I stood alone, without gun. The lion crept closer and closer and closer…. and I ….” Bert stopped and heaved a deep sigh, impatiently, Justin cried, “Come on, man! What did you do?”
Text 3
Hi CHICKEN FOR DINNER?
A landowner from Seoul went to visit his farmer in the countryside and was treated to a grand dinner of boiled chicken.
In the course of the meal, the farmer’s youngest son ran in, shouting, “There it is! He’s eating the dead chicken.”
The landowner thought that he had been served a long dead chicken. So he put down his chopsticks and told the servant to clear the table, politely saying, “This is enough for me. My stomach can’t take any more food.”
Just then, the boy started eating the chicken’s leg greedily saying at the same time, “Oh, this is really delicious.”
“Why are you eating the dead chicken?” asked the surprised landowner
“Who eats live chicken?” replied the boy
s pal shrugged his shoulders and said, “What could I do? I moved on to the next cage.”
Text 4
Mary
One day I asked Mary to do an exercise on the blackboard. When she got the front of the room, everybody began laughing. Mary would usually take any opportunity to get a laugh, so I was always on guard. This time, though, I really couldn’t see what was so funny. Then I noticed her stockings. She was wearing one red stocking and one blue one.
“What unusual stockings,” I remarked casually to Mary, hoping to stop the laughter by getting in on the joke.
“I’m so glad you like them,” Mary said seriously, “I have another pair at home just like them.”
I saw that this delighted the class even more. I’ve decided not to call on Mary again for some time.
Text 5
A Small Experiment
A Small Experiment
An elderly gentleman of 85 feared his wife was getting hard of hearing. So one day he called her doctor to make an appointment to have her hearing checked. The Doctor made an appointment for a hearing test in two weeks, and meanwhile there’s a simple informal test the husband could do to give the doctor some idea of the state of her problem.
“Here’s what you do,” said the doctor, “start out about 40 feet away from her, and in a normal conversational speaking tone see if she hears you. If not, go to 30 feet, then 20 feet, and so on until you get a response.”
That evening, the wife is in the kitchen cooking dinner, and he’s in the living room. He says to himself, “I’m about 40 feet away, let’s see what happens.”
Then in a normal tone he asks, “Honey, what’s for supper?” No response.
So the husband moved to the other end of the room, about 30 feet from his wife and repeats, “Honey, what’s for supper?” Still no response.
Next, he moves into the dining room where he is about 20 feet from his wife and asks, “Honey, what’s for supper?” Again he gets no response.
So he walks up to the kitchen door, only 10 feet away. “Honey, what’s for supper?” Again there is no response.
So he walks right up behind her. “Honey, what’s for supper?”
“Damn it Earl, for the fifth time, CHICKEN!”
News Item
News Item
Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Exampel Texs News Item
Text 1
Phil Young
BUILDER Phil Young is celebrating a very special anniversary today – it is exactly one year since he was operated on at St Bartholomew’s hospital and given a new heart.
Mr. Young, 47, of Tottenham, is now so full of energy that he is training to play in a charity football match to raise money for the hospital’s transplant programme. So far eleven people have been given new hearts.
Mr. Young wants to help others like himself. In 1990 he was seriously ill with heart disease. He couldn’t work, he couldn’t climb the stairs, and he had two young sons to look after.
Now the boys are helping to train their father for the ball match. “My boss is very pleased that I am so fit again,” said Mr. Young. “I have become a real father to them again. We don’t just play football – we go jogging and swimming and play snooker together. I hope more people will help by the hospital, as I was.
Text 2
100 million rupiah
An Indonesian businessman plans to throw 100 million rupiah (US$10,600) out of an airplane over the capital this Sunday as a publicity stunt to promote his new book.
“I want to create a rain of money in Jakarta ,” author and motivator speaker Tung Desem Waringin said, “It’s a little bit crazy, but it’s marketing.”
Police spokesman Col I Ketut Untung said authorities may not allow the plan to go forward because it could draw huge crowds and cause chaos.
Ten of millions of Indonesians live on less than US$1 a day and food and aid giveaways always draw large numbers.
The 42-year-old Tung said instead of opting for regular advertising for his book, he came up with an idea that “will make people happy.”
Text 3
China Denies Island Dispute, Seeks Talks
BEIJING (AFP): China denied yesterday that any dispute existed between itself and Indonesia over the South China Sea’s Natuna Island , but said it was willing to hold talks with Jakarta to settle demarcation.
There is no dispute between China and Indonesia on possession of the Natuna Islands ,’ said foreign ministry spokesman Chen Jian when asked about reports of growing concerns in Jakarta over Chinese interest in a gas-rich zone near the archipelago.
“We’re willing to hold talks with the Indonesian side to settle demarcation of this area.” Chen added, without elaborating. China is one of the six nations which claims all or part of the Spratly Island in the South China Sea and its interpretation of that claim includes part of the large Indonesian maritime zone of Natuna, between Borneo and the Malaysian Peninsula . United States oil giant Exxon signed a contract in November with the Indonesia state owned firm Pertamina to exploit a natural gas field, 250 kilometres northeast of Natuna, in a zone apparently claimed by China.
China has lodged no official protest over the deal. Indonesia has sent a diplomatic note to Beijing expressing its condemn the moment it found out that the latest Chinese official map showed Natuna as within dotted line of its boundary.
Text 4
Supervisor
SINGAPORE : A supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote.
Muhammad Shafiq Woon Abdullah was brought to court in Singapore because he had physically hurt the woman on several occasions between June and October 2002, the Straits Time said.
The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.
He hit her on the head with the TV sets remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On the occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.
S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said that his client had become mad when he saw his daughter’s face covered as she was lying in bed. He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.
Text 5
Yogya Reports Rise in Dengue
Yogyakarta: Two chidren in Yogyakarta died of dengue fever at Sardjito Hospital Monday, raising to 12 the number of deaths caused by the disease in the last four moths. “They were very ill when they arrived. We did our best.” The head of the hospital’s pediatric ward, Ida Safitri, said on Tuesday.
Sadjito spokesman Trisno Heru Nigroho said there had been a significant increase in the number of dengue fever patients at the hospital in recent months. In January, 69 patients were treated at the hospital, 88 in February and 102 in March.
Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Exampel Texs News Item
Text 1
Phil Young
BUILDER Phil Young is celebrating a very special anniversary today – it is exactly one year since he was operated on at St Bartholomew’s hospital and given a new heart.
Mr. Young, 47, of Tottenham, is now so full of energy that he is training to play in a charity football match to raise money for the hospital’s transplant programme. So far eleven people have been given new hearts.
Mr. Young wants to help others like himself. In 1990 he was seriously ill with heart disease. He couldn’t work, he couldn’t climb the stairs, and he had two young sons to look after.
Now the boys are helping to train their father for the ball match. “My boss is very pleased that I am so fit again,” said Mr. Young. “I have become a real father to them again. We don’t just play football – we go jogging and swimming and play snooker together. I hope more people will help by the hospital, as I was.
Text 2
100 million rupiah
An Indonesian businessman plans to throw 100 million rupiah (US$10,600) out of an airplane over the capital this Sunday as a publicity stunt to promote his new book.
“I want to create a rain of money in Jakarta ,” author and motivator speaker Tung Desem Waringin said, “It’s a little bit crazy, but it’s marketing.”
Police spokesman Col I Ketut Untung said authorities may not allow the plan to go forward because it could draw huge crowds and cause chaos.
Ten of millions of Indonesians live on less than US$1 a day and food and aid giveaways always draw large numbers.
The 42-year-old Tung said instead of opting for regular advertising for his book, he came up with an idea that “will make people happy.”
Text 3
China Denies Island Dispute, Seeks Talks
BEIJING (AFP): China denied yesterday that any dispute existed between itself and Indonesia over the South China Sea’s Natuna Island , but said it was willing to hold talks with Jakarta to settle demarcation.
There is no dispute between China and Indonesia on possession of the Natuna Islands ,’ said foreign ministry spokesman Chen Jian when asked about reports of growing concerns in Jakarta over Chinese interest in a gas-rich zone near the archipelago.
“We’re willing to hold talks with the Indonesian side to settle demarcation of this area.” Chen added, without elaborating. China is one of the six nations which claims all or part of the Spratly Island in the South China Sea and its interpretation of that claim includes part of the large Indonesian maritime zone of Natuna, between Borneo and the Malaysian Peninsula . United States oil giant Exxon signed a contract in November with the Indonesia state owned firm Pertamina to exploit a natural gas field, 250 kilometres northeast of Natuna, in a zone apparently claimed by China.
China has lodged no official protest over the deal. Indonesia has sent a diplomatic note to Beijing expressing its condemn the moment it found out that the latest Chinese official map showed Natuna as within dotted line of its boundary.
Text 4
Supervisor
SINGAPORE : A supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote.
Muhammad Shafiq Woon Abdullah was brought to court in Singapore because he had physically hurt the woman on several occasions between June and October 2002, the Straits Time said.
The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.
He hit her on the head with the TV sets remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On the occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.
S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said that his client had become mad when he saw his daughter’s face covered as she was lying in bed. He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.
Text 5
Yogya Reports Rise in Dengue
Yogyakarta: Two chidren in Yogyakarta died of dengue fever at Sardjito Hospital Monday, raising to 12 the number of deaths caused by the disease in the last four moths. “They were very ill when they arrived. We did our best.” The head of the hospital’s pediatric ward, Ida Safitri, said on Tuesday.
Sadjito spokesman Trisno Heru Nigroho said there had been a significant increase in the number of dengue fever patients at the hospital in recent months. In January, 69 patients were treated at the hospital, 88 in February and 102 in March.
Descriptive
Descriptive
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
Example Text descriptive
Text 1
SAN FRANSISCO
San Francisco is my favourite city in the United States . It is beautiful, clean, not too big, and it has something for everybody. I love the streets and buildings in San Francisco . The streets wind up and down the hills, with beautiful old brick and wooden houses on either side.
One of my favourite things to do in San Francisco is to ride the cable car. It takes you to most parts of the city. It’s not a very comfortable ride, but it’s exciting and the views you get from the car are wonderful.
I like the weather in San Francisco . It never gets too cold or too hot. The summers are pleasant. The fresh breezes blow off the ocean and the sky is always blue. It rains quite a lot in the winter, but it never gets very cold.
Another thing I enjoy about the city is the restaurants. The seafood restaurants, with crabs and lobster, are my favourites. You can also get great Chinese, Japanese, American and European food in San Francisco .
Text 2
SINGAPORE
Singapore is an island city of about 4 million people. It’s a beautiful city with lots of parks and open spaces. It’s also a clean city.
Most of the people live in high-rise flats in different parts of the island. The business district is very modern, with lots of tall new office buildings. Singapore also has some nice older sections. In Chinatown there are rows of old shop houses. The government buildings in Singapore are very beautiful and date from the colonial days.
Singapore is famous for its shops and restaurants. There are many good shopping centers. Most of the goods are duty free. Singapore ’s restaurants sell Chinese, Indian, Malay and European food, and the prices are quite reasonable.
Text 3
THE HAWAIIN ISLAND
The Hawaiian Islands are located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean , far away from any other land. There are eight islands of different sizes, and while they differ from each other in some ways, they share many features.
They all have a tropical climate, with temperatures of about 780C (25.60C) in the winter and 850C (29.40C) in the summer.
Rain falls often, but not for long. The islands also share a natural beauty, with mountains and waterfalls, rainforests, and long beaches. Their waters are filled with colourful fish, dolphins, and giant sea turtles
Text 4
MY BOMBI
Bombi is my black cat.
This cat is always playful. It likes playing with anything. It sometimes plays with me. It likes playing with a ball very much. It is very clever. It is sometimes very naughty.
My Bombi is small but fat. It has soft fur. The fur is black. Bombi has a long tail. Its eyes are round. It looks cute. It is always near me.
Text 5
EGYPTS CAPITAL
Cairo is the largest city in egypt Here you can always roll back the centuries Modern cairo has tall buildings and broad streets equal to any in the capitals of europe or australia From the top floors of impresive blocks of flats you can gaze at magnificent views across the river nile.
However behind the modern buildings are narrow alleys where there is no sound of traffic The only sounds that come to your ears are the calls of the stall-holders Water sellers and herdsmen wander through the streets as their forefathers did thousands of years ago Many of the poorer people still dress in the same way as their ancesters
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
Example Text descriptive
Text 1
SAN FRANSISCO
San Francisco is my favourite city in the United States . It is beautiful, clean, not too big, and it has something for everybody. I love the streets and buildings in San Francisco . The streets wind up and down the hills, with beautiful old brick and wooden houses on either side.
One of my favourite things to do in San Francisco is to ride the cable car. It takes you to most parts of the city. It’s not a very comfortable ride, but it’s exciting and the views you get from the car are wonderful.
I like the weather in San Francisco . It never gets too cold or too hot. The summers are pleasant. The fresh breezes blow off the ocean and the sky is always blue. It rains quite a lot in the winter, but it never gets very cold.
Another thing I enjoy about the city is the restaurants. The seafood restaurants, with crabs and lobster, are my favourites. You can also get great Chinese, Japanese, American and European food in San Francisco .
Text 2
SINGAPORE
Singapore is an island city of about 4 million people. It’s a beautiful city with lots of parks and open spaces. It’s also a clean city.
Most of the people live in high-rise flats in different parts of the island. The business district is very modern, with lots of tall new office buildings. Singapore also has some nice older sections. In Chinatown there are rows of old shop houses. The government buildings in Singapore are very beautiful and date from the colonial days.
Singapore is famous for its shops and restaurants. There are many good shopping centers. Most of the goods are duty free. Singapore ’s restaurants sell Chinese, Indian, Malay and European food, and the prices are quite reasonable.
Text 3
THE HAWAIIN ISLAND
The Hawaiian Islands are located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean , far away from any other land. There are eight islands of different sizes, and while they differ from each other in some ways, they share many features.
They all have a tropical climate, with temperatures of about 780C (25.60C) in the winter and 850C (29.40C) in the summer.
Rain falls often, but not for long. The islands also share a natural beauty, with mountains and waterfalls, rainforests, and long beaches. Their waters are filled with colourful fish, dolphins, and giant sea turtles
Text 4
MY BOMBI
Bombi is my black cat.
This cat is always playful. It likes playing with anything. It sometimes plays with me. It likes playing with a ball very much. It is very clever. It is sometimes very naughty.
My Bombi is small but fat. It has soft fur. The fur is black. Bombi has a long tail. Its eyes are round. It looks cute. It is always near me.
Text 5
EGYPTS CAPITAL
Cairo is the largest city in egypt Here you can always roll back the centuries Modern cairo has tall buildings and broad streets equal to any in the capitals of europe or australia From the top floors of impresive blocks of flats you can gaze at magnificent views across the river nile.
However behind the modern buildings are narrow alleys where there is no sound of traffic The only sounds that come to your ears are the calls of the stall-holders Water sellers and herdsmen wander through the streets as their forefathers did thousands of years ago Many of the poorer people still dress in the same way as their ancesters
Procedure
Procedure
Definition of Procedure
Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series
Generic Structure of Procedure
1. Goal: showing the purpose
2. Material: Telling the needed materials
3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
Language Feature of Procedure
• Using temporal conjunction
• Using action verb
• Using imperative sentence
• Using Simple Present Tense
Example Text Procedure
Text 1
How to make Lemonade
Ingredients:
For each glass use:
- 2 tablespoons of lemon juice.
- 2 tablespoons of sugar.
- 1 glass of water
Methods:
1. Slice a lemon in half and squeeze the juice into a cup.
2. Take out the seeds.
3. Pour two tablespoons of juice into glass.
4. Add sugar
5. Add water and stir well
6. Taste the lemonade. You may want to add more sugar or more lemon to make it taste just right
7. Put it in ice cubes. A drop of red food coloring will make pink lemonade
Text 2
HOW TO MAKE PEANUT CRUNCH
What you’ll need :
v 1 cup of peanuts
v 3 cups of brown sugar
v 2 tablespoons of vinegar
v 1 cup of water
What to do :
Place the sugar, water and vinegar into a large saucepan.
Stir slowly over a low heat until the sugar is disolved
Add peanuts , increase the heat and allow to boil
Remove from the heat when the nuts have craked and the mixture appears golden brown
Allow bubbles to settle
Spoon into small paper patty cases or pour the mixture into a flat greased pan and mark into bite-size pieces.
Makes enough Peanut Crunch for six people.
Text 3
HOW TO MAKE SESAME DROP BISCUITS
Materials:
1. 2 cups flour
2. 1 ½ teaspoons baking powder
3. ½ reaspoon each baking soda and salt
4. Butter or margarine
5. 2 tablespoons sesame seed
6. 1 cup buttermilk
Night Before:
1. In a large bowl stir together flour, baking powder, soda and salt.
2. With 2 knives or pastry blender cut in ½ cup butter until particles are fine .
3. Stir in sesame seed.
Next Morning:
1. Add buttermilk to flour mixture and stir with a fork just until mixed.
2. Drop by tablespoons on greased cookies sheet.
3. Bake in preheated 450 degrees oven until light brown. 12 to 14 minutes.
4. Serve at once with butter.
Text 4
Ice Tea…
If you want to make ice tea, first prepare a half glass of tea, one or two spoonful sugar and ice. Next step is put the sugar into the glass of tea, stir it well. After that, add some pieces of ice into the glass and stir it again and the ice is ready to serve.
Text 5
Recipe for French Toast
You are going to need:
4 pieces of bread
1 spoon of sugar
2 eggs
A quarter of a cup of milk
Butter
Pan
Fork
Bowl
Before you start to cook, you have to read the recipe.
Now you can get ready. After you read the recipe, put everything on the counter.
When everything is ready, break the eggs, pour a quarter of the milk in the bowl, then add a small spoon of sugar. Mix the eggs, milk and sugar.
Next, put a piece of bread in the bowl with the eggs, milk and sugar. Turn over the bread.
Now, put some butter in the pan. Turn on the stove. When the pan is hot, take the bread out of the bowl and put it into the pan. After you cook one side of the bread, cook the other side. After you finish the first place of the bread, cook the other pieces. Now you have French toast!
Definition of Procedure
Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series
Generic Structure of Procedure
1. Goal: showing the purpose
2. Material: Telling the needed materials
3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
Language Feature of Procedure
• Using temporal conjunction
• Using action verb
• Using imperative sentence
• Using Simple Present Tense
Example Text Procedure
Text 1
How to make Lemonade
Ingredients:
For each glass use:
- 2 tablespoons of lemon juice.
- 2 tablespoons of sugar.
- 1 glass of water
Methods:
1. Slice a lemon in half and squeeze the juice into a cup.
2. Take out the seeds.
3. Pour two tablespoons of juice into glass.
4. Add sugar
5. Add water and stir well
6. Taste the lemonade. You may want to add more sugar or more lemon to make it taste just right
7. Put it in ice cubes. A drop of red food coloring will make pink lemonade
Text 2
HOW TO MAKE PEANUT CRUNCH
What you’ll need :
v 1 cup of peanuts
v 3 cups of brown sugar
v 2 tablespoons of vinegar
v 1 cup of water
What to do :
Place the sugar, water and vinegar into a large saucepan.
Stir slowly over a low heat until the sugar is disolved
Add peanuts , increase the heat and allow to boil
Remove from the heat when the nuts have craked and the mixture appears golden brown
Allow bubbles to settle
Spoon into small paper patty cases or pour the mixture into a flat greased pan and mark into bite-size pieces.
Makes enough Peanut Crunch for six people.
Text 3
HOW TO MAKE SESAME DROP BISCUITS
Materials:
1. 2 cups flour
2. 1 ½ teaspoons baking powder
3. ½ reaspoon each baking soda and salt
4. Butter or margarine
5. 2 tablespoons sesame seed
6. 1 cup buttermilk
Night Before:
1. In a large bowl stir together flour, baking powder, soda and salt.
2. With 2 knives or pastry blender cut in ½ cup butter until particles are fine .
3. Stir in sesame seed.
Next Morning:
1. Add buttermilk to flour mixture and stir with a fork just until mixed.
2. Drop by tablespoons on greased cookies sheet.
3. Bake in preheated 450 degrees oven until light brown. 12 to 14 minutes.
4. Serve at once with butter.
Text 4
Ice Tea…
If you want to make ice tea, first prepare a half glass of tea, one or two spoonful sugar and ice. Next step is put the sugar into the glass of tea, stir it well. After that, add some pieces of ice into the glass and stir it again and the ice is ready to serve.
Text 5
Recipe for French Toast
You are going to need:
4 pieces of bread
1 spoon of sugar
2 eggs
A quarter of a cup of milk
Butter
Pan
Fork
Bowl
Before you start to cook, you have to read the recipe.
Now you can get ready. After you read the recipe, put everything on the counter.
When everything is ready, break the eggs, pour a quarter of the milk in the bowl, then add a small spoon of sugar. Mix the eggs, milk and sugar.
Next, put a piece of bread in the bowl with the eggs, milk and sugar. Turn over the bread.
Now, put some butter in the pan. Turn on the stove. When the pan is hot, take the bread out of the bowl and put it into the pan. After you cook one side of the bread, cook the other side. After you finish the first place of the bread, cook the other pieces. Now you have French toast!
Recount
Recount
Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative
Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story
Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense
Example Text Recount
Text 1
An Excursion to the Botanical Garden
On Thursday 24 April we went to the Botanical Garden. We walked down and boarded the bus.
After we arrived at the garden, we walked down to the Education Centre. The third grade students went to have alook around. First, we went to the first farm and Mrs. James read us some information. Then, we looked at all the lovely plants. After that we went down to a little spot on the Botanical Garden and had a morning tea break.
Next, we did sketching and then we met the fourth grade students at the Education Centre to have lunch. Soon after that, it was time for us to go and make our terrariums while the fourth year students went to have a walk.
A lady took us into a special room and introduced herself. Then she explained what we were going to do. Next, she took us to a pyramid terrarium. It was really interesting.
After we had finished, we met the fourth grade students outside the gardens. Then we reboarded the bus and returned to school. ak harus ada): Ungkapan pribadi penulis atau penutup dari cerita.
Text 2
]My Adventure at Leang-Leang Cave
On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Novi , and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang. It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!
The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their 'kitchen'. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.
After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!
Text 3
A BIG SNAKE IN THE DRAIN
The workmen who were building the new hospital in my town caught a snake last month. It was in the drain near the building construction site.
Early in the morning, a workman was just going to sit under the tree when suddenly he saw a long creature lying in the drain. It did not move when he was approaching it. Then he shouted to the other workmen who were going to start to work. Then, they caught the 8 – metre long phyton and brought it to the authority of the zoo in this town. The diameter of its body was about 25 centimeters. They believed that the snake might belong to someone living in the area. The police were trying to find the owner.
Text 4
A TOUR TO THE BOTANIC GARDENS
The workmen who were building the new hospital in my town caught a snake last month. It was in the drain near the building construction site.
Early in the morning, a workman was just going to sit under the tree when suddenly he saw a long creature lying in the drain. It did not move when he was approaching it. Then he shouted to the other workmen who were going to start to work. Then, they caught the 8 – metre long phyton and brought it to the authority of the zoo in this town. The diameter of its body was about 25 centimeters. They believed that the snake might belong to someone living in the area. The police were trying to find the owner.
Text 5
CLASS PICNIC
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic
First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o'clock we left for school.
We had a great day.
Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative
Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story
Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense
Example Text Recount
Text 1
An Excursion to the Botanical Garden
On Thursday 24 April we went to the Botanical Garden. We walked down and boarded the bus.
After we arrived at the garden, we walked down to the Education Centre. The third grade students went to have alook around. First, we went to the first farm and Mrs. James read us some information. Then, we looked at all the lovely plants. After that we went down to a little spot on the Botanical Garden and had a morning tea break.
Next, we did sketching and then we met the fourth grade students at the Education Centre to have lunch. Soon after that, it was time for us to go and make our terrariums while the fourth year students went to have a walk.
A lady took us into a special room and introduced herself. Then she explained what we were going to do. Next, she took us to a pyramid terrarium. It was really interesting.
After we had finished, we met the fourth grade students outside the gardens. Then we reboarded the bus and returned to school. ak harus ada): Ungkapan pribadi penulis atau penutup dari cerita.
Text 2
]My Adventure at Leang-Leang Cave
On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Novi , and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang. It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!
The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their 'kitchen'. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.
After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!
Text 3
A BIG SNAKE IN THE DRAIN
The workmen who were building the new hospital in my town caught a snake last month. It was in the drain near the building construction site.
Early in the morning, a workman was just going to sit under the tree when suddenly he saw a long creature lying in the drain. It did not move when he was approaching it. Then he shouted to the other workmen who were going to start to work. Then, they caught the 8 – metre long phyton and brought it to the authority of the zoo in this town. The diameter of its body was about 25 centimeters. They believed that the snake might belong to someone living in the area. The police were trying to find the owner.
Text 4
A TOUR TO THE BOTANIC GARDENS
The workmen who were building the new hospital in my town caught a snake last month. It was in the drain near the building construction site.
Early in the morning, a workman was just going to sit under the tree when suddenly he saw a long creature lying in the drain. It did not move when he was approaching it. Then he shouted to the other workmen who were going to start to work. Then, they caught the 8 – metre long phyton and brought it to the authority of the zoo in this town. The diameter of its body was about 25 centimeters. They believed that the snake might belong to someone living in the area. The police were trying to find the owner.
Text 5
CLASS PICNIC
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic
First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o'clock we left for school.
We had a great day.
Narrattive
Narrative
Definition of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Narrative
A narrative text will consists of the following structure:
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place
2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with
3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse
Language Features of Narrative
• Using processes verbs
• Using temporal conjunction
• Using Simple Past Tense
Exampel Teks Narrative
Text 1
I Would Do It for Love
Once upon a time in a far away land, lived two families called the Darlan family and the Meissner family. The Darlan family had a daughter named Naya, while the Meissner family had a son named Arman. Naya and Arman had been friends since childhood and had lived in the country side for sixteen years of their life.
Unfortunately, one day, the Darlan family was called upon by the king as the family's men were very fine blacksmiths. The Darlan family had to move to the town because of the Kings demand. So Naya and Arman for the first time said goodbye to each other. Secretly, Arman vowed to work hard so that he could also work in town and finally meet Naya again.
Two years later, Arman had mastered some skills he thought he could put in good use in the town. Fulfilling his promise, he traveled to town and started to search for Naya. It was not a hard task, Naya's father had been granted the title of Duke by the King! Hurriedly, he visited Naya's own castle, but to his dismay, Naya did not want to meet him. "Maybe she is busy," he said to himself.
His determination to meet Naya did not waver, Arman found work as a builder in town. Each day, after work he would visit Naya's castle, but each day Naya refused to meet him. A few weeks passed by, Arman became sick, sick because he could not meet the childhood friend he so dearly loved. He had abandoned his work, making his friends he made at the working place concerned.
"Go and meet him once again Arman! Maybe this time you will be in luck!" said one.
"No. Maybe I was putting too much hope for her to love me. After all, we were just childhood friends."
His friends decided to visit Naya's castle themselves, to tell her that Arman his childhood friend, who fell in love with her is in an ill state. To their surprise, Naya agreed to meet them and heared that Arman was sick.
"Tell him to go to the forest and find a wooden house," said Naya.
"And after that? What should he do my Lady?" asked one of Arman's friend.
"He will find the answer once he finds the house," answered Naya mysteriously.
The friends came back to Arman and told him about the happy news. Arman suddenly stood up from his bed and felt refreshed as though nothing has happened before.
The next day Arman journeyed to the forest and found the wooden house Naya had mentioned. An old lady, with hideous boils on her face, crooked body, and white tangled hair that was very filthy greeted Arman.
"Excuse me, is Lady Naya here? She told me to come here," asked Arman.
"No, Lady Naya is not here. But she left a message I must tell you," said the old lady with a croaky voice.
"What is it?"
"She said, if you really love her, you must prove it. And to prove it, you must marry me!"
Because of his love, the love he had felt since childhood for Naya, Arman did not hesitate to answer.
"If that is what she wants, I would do it. I would do it for love!"
Suddenly, the old lady wailed and ran towards a small lake in front of the house. She bathed her face with water and to Arman's surprise, it was Nayna staring back at him. She had cleaned the make up she was wearing and pulled of the wig she also wore to disguise herself as an old lady.
"Arman, I was only testing you. And now I know what I must do. I will share the rest of my life with you. Because, because I would do it for love!"
Arman was very happy that Naya had the same feelings for him. And so, they lived happily ever after.
Text 2
A Visit to Dracula’s Castle
I heard a heavy step approaching behind the great door, and saw through the chinks the gleam of coming light. Then there was the sound of rattling chains and the clanking of massive bolts drawn back. A key was turned with a loud grating noise, and the great door swung back.
Within stood a tall old man, clean-shaven but for a long, white moustache, and dressed in black from head to foot, without a single speck of colour about him anywhere. He held in his hand an old, silver lamp in which the flame burned without a chimney or glass of any kind, throwing long quivering shadows as it flickered in the draught of the open door. The old man motioned me in with his right hand with a courtly gesture, saying in excellent English but with a strange accent, ‘Welcome to my house! Enter freely and of your own willl’
He did not step forward to meet me, but stood like a statue, as though he were turned into stone. The instant however that 1 stepped over the threshold, he stepped forward and, holding out his hand, grasped mine with a strength, which made me wince. His hand felt as cold as ice — more like the hand of a dead man than a living one.
Again he said, ‘Welcome to my house. I am Dracula and I bid you enter. Come in, Mr. Harker, the night air is chill and you must eat and rest.’
I came out of my room and went up stone stairs to a window where I could look out over Sheer space to the opposite wall of the castle. What I saw was the Count’s head coming out of a window.
Then I saw the whole body of the man slowly emerge from the window and begin to crawl down the castle wall over that dreadful sheer abyss, face down, with his cloak spreading out about him like great wings. I saw his fingers and toes grasp the corners of the stones where the mortar had eroded, and in this way he moved downwards with great speed - like a lizard darting along a wall. Is this a man or some sort of monster that looks like a man. I am filled with the dread of this horrible place. I am in awful fear and there is no escape for me. I am surrounded with terrors that I dare not think of....
Text 3
The Nightingale and the Red Rose
A young student loved a beautiful girl. He said,” l am going to go to a dance tonight, and I am going to take the beautiful girl”
But the girl said,” Lam not going to go to the dance tonight, because have not got a red rose.”
“I went to a dance last week, and I put a red rose on my white dress. All of the people said, “That is very beautiful,” and I was happy.”
The student said,” lam going to bring you red rose, and then lam going to take you to the dance.”
The beautiful girl was happy.
The student went to his garden, but there were not any roses in it. He sat on a bench, and he cried. He said, “The beautiful girl is not going to come to the dance tonight, because I have not got a red rose.”
There was a nightingale in a tree in the garden. She loved the student. She said, “His beautiful eyes are red, because he is crying. I am going to bring him a red rose.”
She flew to a big garden, and she went to a bush. There were roses on it. This bush loved songs. The nightingale said, “Do you want a song?”
The bush said, “Yes, I do.
The nightingale said, “And I want a rose.”
The bush said, “Sing me a song, and then take one of my roses.”
The nightingale sang a beautiful song, and then she said, “Now lam going to take a red rose.”
The bush said, “But (have not got any red ones. All of mine are white.”
The nightingale said,” Love the studà t, and I am going to give him a red rose.”
There were big thorns on the bush. The nightingale flew to one of them. There was a beautiful, white rose under it. • The nightingale pushed the thorn into her breast. It hurt a lot, but she pushed it into her Heart. Blood came out. It fell on the white rose.
The nightingale said, “The rose is red now.”
She took it, and she flew to the student’s window. She put the rose down, and she knocked at the window. Then she fell into the street. She was dead.
The student went to the window, and he opened it.
He said, ”There is a beautiful red rose here. Who put it here?”
He was very happy.
He ran to the beautiful girl’s house, and he said, “I have brought you a red rose.”
The girl looked at it, and she said,” I do not want it. A rich man has brought me some jewels.
They are more beautiful than a rose. He is going to take me to the dance.”
The student went home again. He threw the rose out of the window, and it fell on the dead nightingale.
A wheel crushed both of them, and people said, “Our Streets are very dirty. Look at that dead bird, and look at that dirty flower
Text 4
SOUL MATES
I felt a thrill in my heart. I looked at him as he mouthed the words “After school”. I smiled and nodded.
There was something mysterious about Alfred that fascinated me. He was very good in all his studies and excellent in sports. Yet, no one knew anything about him. His nickname was ‘Alien’. Some of the girls passed the word about that he had come from another planet. No one knew where he Lived, or who his parents were, or even what he did after school. When asked he always said something funny and changed the subject. Somehow I had become drawn to him and we had become the best of friends. This was a breakthrough for him as he was generally shy with girls. I had been pestering him for days about his background. As his best friend I believed I had a right to know. Earlier that day, during recess, I had told him that our friendship was over unless he ‘came clean’ about everything. I was vindicated; he was going to tell me all.
When .1 met him after school, he jerked his head to indicate that I should follow him. He walked very fast and I hurried after him. He was silent as we waited at the bus stop. I touched his arm to tell him that I was there. That made him starts, as apparently his mind was far away. We took the bus to its terminal at Tampines and got off. I wondered why he lived so far from school and why he did not go to a school nearby. As he was so quiet, I decided not to interrupt his thoughts again and waited for him to tell me. Anyway, I was sure the mystery would be solved that day.
I walked with him as he walked through the blocks. I thought he was taking me to his apartment. Then he stopped in front of .a temple. I was stunned. He led the way and I followed. I climbed the stairs till the top floor. He pointed to a nun sitting in deep meditation. Suddenly I realised where I was. I was at an orphanage. I heard sobbing and turned to see Alfred in tears. Just then the nun opened her eyes and got up to hug him. She looked over his shoulders at me and to the question in my eyes replied in a barely audible whisper, “Both his parents died in an air crash when he ‘.‘~As three,” Alfred sobbed and sobbed and sobbed. I felt miserable and empty within.
Later when we were seated in the lounge drinking tea, I reached out and put my arms around him. He looked long and deep into my eyes. I realised that he felt about me the same way I felt about him. I felt a forward and kissed him gently. “You are not an orphan anymore,” I whispered, “I wilt be everything — father, mother, sister, brother and girlfriend – to you,”
That was the end of our friendship and the beginning of a lifelong romance.
Text 5
JURASSIC PARK
Jurassic Park is a theme park in which living dinosaurs roam. The most terrible of these is the flesh-eating Tyrannosaurus Rex, which escapes when the protective electric fence surrounding the park ceases to operate. It then attacks the car in which the youngsters, Tim and Lex, are trying to shelter.
There was another jolting impact, and pieces of glass fell all around him. Tim felt rain. He looked up and saw that the front windshield had broken out. There was just a ragged rim of glass and, beyond, the big head of the dinosaur.
Looking down at him.
Tim felt a sudden chill and then the head rushed forward toward him, the jaws open. There was the squeal of metal against teeth, and he felt the hot stinking breath of the animal and a thick tongue stuck into the car through the windshield opening. The tongue slapped wetly around inside the car-he felt the hot lather of dinosaur saliva —and the tyrannosaur roared — a deafening sound inside the car —The head pulled away abruptly.
Tim scrambled up; avoiding the dent in the roof there was stillroom to sit on the front seat by the passenger door. The tyrannosaur stood in the rain near the front fender. It seemed confused by what had happened to it. Blood dripped freely from its jaws.
The tyrannosaur looked at Tim, cocking its head to stare with one big eye. The head moved close to the car, sideways, and peered in. Blood spattered on the dented hood of the Land Cruiser, mixing with the rain.
It can’t get to me, Tim thought. It’s too big.
Then the head pulled away, and in the flare of lightning he saw the hind leg lift up. And the world tilted crazily as the Lana Cruiser slammed over on its side, the windows splitting in the mud. He saw Lex fall helplessly against the side window, and he fell down beside her, banging his head. Tim felt dizzy. Then the tyrannosaur’s jaws clamped onto the window frame, and the whole Land Cruiser was lifted up into the air, and shaken.
‘Timmy!’ Lex shrieked, so near to his ear that it hurt. She was suddenly awake, and he grabbed her as the tyrannosaur crashed the car down again. Tim felt a stabbing pain in his side, and his sister fell on top of him. The car went up again, tilting crazily. Lex shouted ‘Timmy!’ and he saw the door give way beneath her, and she fell out of the car into the mud, but Tim couldn't answer, because in the next instant everything swung crazily — he saw the trunks of the palm trees sliding downward past him —moving sideways through the air — he glimpsed the ground very far below — the hot roar of the tyrannosaur — the blazing eye — the tops of the palm trees.
And then, with a metallic scraping shriek, the car fell from the tyrannosaur’s jaws, a sickening fall, and Tim’s stomach heaved in the moment before the world became totally black, and silent.
Definition of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Narrative
A narrative text will consists of the following structure:
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place
2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with
3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse
Language Features of Narrative
• Using processes verbs
• Using temporal conjunction
• Using Simple Past Tense
Exampel Teks Narrative
Text 1
I Would Do It for Love
Once upon a time in a far away land, lived two families called the Darlan family and the Meissner family. The Darlan family had a daughter named Naya, while the Meissner family had a son named Arman. Naya and Arman had been friends since childhood and had lived in the country side for sixteen years of their life.
Unfortunately, one day, the Darlan family was called upon by the king as the family's men were very fine blacksmiths. The Darlan family had to move to the town because of the Kings demand. So Naya and Arman for the first time said goodbye to each other. Secretly, Arman vowed to work hard so that he could also work in town and finally meet Naya again.
Two years later, Arman had mastered some skills he thought he could put in good use in the town. Fulfilling his promise, he traveled to town and started to search for Naya. It was not a hard task, Naya's father had been granted the title of Duke by the King! Hurriedly, he visited Naya's own castle, but to his dismay, Naya did not want to meet him. "Maybe she is busy," he said to himself.
His determination to meet Naya did not waver, Arman found work as a builder in town. Each day, after work he would visit Naya's castle, but each day Naya refused to meet him. A few weeks passed by, Arman became sick, sick because he could not meet the childhood friend he so dearly loved. He had abandoned his work, making his friends he made at the working place concerned.
"Go and meet him once again Arman! Maybe this time you will be in luck!" said one.
"No. Maybe I was putting too much hope for her to love me. After all, we were just childhood friends."
His friends decided to visit Naya's castle themselves, to tell her that Arman his childhood friend, who fell in love with her is in an ill state. To their surprise, Naya agreed to meet them and heared that Arman was sick.
"Tell him to go to the forest and find a wooden house," said Naya.
"And after that? What should he do my Lady?" asked one of Arman's friend.
"He will find the answer once he finds the house," answered Naya mysteriously.
The friends came back to Arman and told him about the happy news. Arman suddenly stood up from his bed and felt refreshed as though nothing has happened before.
The next day Arman journeyed to the forest and found the wooden house Naya had mentioned. An old lady, with hideous boils on her face, crooked body, and white tangled hair that was very filthy greeted Arman.
"Excuse me, is Lady Naya here? She told me to come here," asked Arman.
"No, Lady Naya is not here. But she left a message I must tell you," said the old lady with a croaky voice.
"What is it?"
"She said, if you really love her, you must prove it. And to prove it, you must marry me!"
Because of his love, the love he had felt since childhood for Naya, Arman did not hesitate to answer.
"If that is what she wants, I would do it. I would do it for love!"
Suddenly, the old lady wailed and ran towards a small lake in front of the house. She bathed her face with water and to Arman's surprise, it was Nayna staring back at him. She had cleaned the make up she was wearing and pulled of the wig she also wore to disguise herself as an old lady.
"Arman, I was only testing you. And now I know what I must do. I will share the rest of my life with you. Because, because I would do it for love!"
Arman was very happy that Naya had the same feelings for him. And so, they lived happily ever after.
Text 2
A Visit to Dracula’s Castle
I heard a heavy step approaching behind the great door, and saw through the chinks the gleam of coming light. Then there was the sound of rattling chains and the clanking of massive bolts drawn back. A key was turned with a loud grating noise, and the great door swung back.
Within stood a tall old man, clean-shaven but for a long, white moustache, and dressed in black from head to foot, without a single speck of colour about him anywhere. He held in his hand an old, silver lamp in which the flame burned without a chimney or glass of any kind, throwing long quivering shadows as it flickered in the draught of the open door. The old man motioned me in with his right hand with a courtly gesture, saying in excellent English but with a strange accent, ‘Welcome to my house! Enter freely and of your own willl’
He did not step forward to meet me, but stood like a statue, as though he were turned into stone. The instant however that 1 stepped over the threshold, he stepped forward and, holding out his hand, grasped mine with a strength, which made me wince. His hand felt as cold as ice — more like the hand of a dead man than a living one.
Again he said, ‘Welcome to my house. I am Dracula and I bid you enter. Come in, Mr. Harker, the night air is chill and you must eat and rest.’
I came out of my room and went up stone stairs to a window where I could look out over Sheer space to the opposite wall of the castle. What I saw was the Count’s head coming out of a window.
Then I saw the whole body of the man slowly emerge from the window and begin to crawl down the castle wall over that dreadful sheer abyss, face down, with his cloak spreading out about him like great wings. I saw his fingers and toes grasp the corners of the stones where the mortar had eroded, and in this way he moved downwards with great speed - like a lizard darting along a wall. Is this a man or some sort of monster that looks like a man. I am filled with the dread of this horrible place. I am in awful fear and there is no escape for me. I am surrounded with terrors that I dare not think of....
Text 3
The Nightingale and the Red Rose
A young student loved a beautiful girl. He said,” l am going to go to a dance tonight, and I am going to take the beautiful girl”
But the girl said,” Lam not going to go to the dance tonight, because have not got a red rose.”
“I went to a dance last week, and I put a red rose on my white dress. All of the people said, “That is very beautiful,” and I was happy.”
The student said,” lam going to bring you red rose, and then lam going to take you to the dance.”
The beautiful girl was happy.
The student went to his garden, but there were not any roses in it. He sat on a bench, and he cried. He said, “The beautiful girl is not going to come to the dance tonight, because I have not got a red rose.”
There was a nightingale in a tree in the garden. She loved the student. She said, “His beautiful eyes are red, because he is crying. I am going to bring him a red rose.”
She flew to a big garden, and she went to a bush. There were roses on it. This bush loved songs. The nightingale said, “Do you want a song?”
The bush said, “Yes, I do.
The nightingale said, “And I want a rose.”
The bush said, “Sing me a song, and then take one of my roses.”
The nightingale sang a beautiful song, and then she said, “Now lam going to take a red rose.”
The bush said, “But (have not got any red ones. All of mine are white.”
The nightingale said,” Love the studà t, and I am going to give him a red rose.”
There were big thorns on the bush. The nightingale flew to one of them. There was a beautiful, white rose under it. • The nightingale pushed the thorn into her breast. It hurt a lot, but she pushed it into her Heart. Blood came out. It fell on the white rose.
The nightingale said, “The rose is red now.”
She took it, and she flew to the student’s window. She put the rose down, and she knocked at the window. Then she fell into the street. She was dead.
The student went to the window, and he opened it.
He said, ”There is a beautiful red rose here. Who put it here?”
He was very happy.
He ran to the beautiful girl’s house, and he said, “I have brought you a red rose.”
The girl looked at it, and she said,” I do not want it. A rich man has brought me some jewels.
They are more beautiful than a rose. He is going to take me to the dance.”
The student went home again. He threw the rose out of the window, and it fell on the dead nightingale.
A wheel crushed both of them, and people said, “Our Streets are very dirty. Look at that dead bird, and look at that dirty flower
Text 4
SOUL MATES
I felt a thrill in my heart. I looked at him as he mouthed the words “After school”. I smiled and nodded.
There was something mysterious about Alfred that fascinated me. He was very good in all his studies and excellent in sports. Yet, no one knew anything about him. His nickname was ‘Alien’. Some of the girls passed the word about that he had come from another planet. No one knew where he Lived, or who his parents were, or even what he did after school. When asked he always said something funny and changed the subject. Somehow I had become drawn to him and we had become the best of friends. This was a breakthrough for him as he was generally shy with girls. I had been pestering him for days about his background. As his best friend I believed I had a right to know. Earlier that day, during recess, I had told him that our friendship was over unless he ‘came clean’ about everything. I was vindicated; he was going to tell me all.
When .1 met him after school, he jerked his head to indicate that I should follow him. He walked very fast and I hurried after him. He was silent as we waited at the bus stop. I touched his arm to tell him that I was there. That made him starts, as apparently his mind was far away. We took the bus to its terminal at Tampines and got off. I wondered why he lived so far from school and why he did not go to a school nearby. As he was so quiet, I decided not to interrupt his thoughts again and waited for him to tell me. Anyway, I was sure the mystery would be solved that day.
I walked with him as he walked through the blocks. I thought he was taking me to his apartment. Then he stopped in front of .a temple. I was stunned. He led the way and I followed. I climbed the stairs till the top floor. He pointed to a nun sitting in deep meditation. Suddenly I realised where I was. I was at an orphanage. I heard sobbing and turned to see Alfred in tears. Just then the nun opened her eyes and got up to hug him. She looked over his shoulders at me and to the question in my eyes replied in a barely audible whisper, “Both his parents died in an air crash when he ‘.‘~As three,” Alfred sobbed and sobbed and sobbed. I felt miserable and empty within.
Later when we were seated in the lounge drinking tea, I reached out and put my arms around him. He looked long and deep into my eyes. I realised that he felt about me the same way I felt about him. I felt a forward and kissed him gently. “You are not an orphan anymore,” I whispered, “I wilt be everything — father, mother, sister, brother and girlfriend – to you,”
That was the end of our friendship and the beginning of a lifelong romance.
Text 5
JURASSIC PARK
Jurassic Park is a theme park in which living dinosaurs roam. The most terrible of these is the flesh-eating Tyrannosaurus Rex, which escapes when the protective electric fence surrounding the park ceases to operate. It then attacks the car in which the youngsters, Tim and Lex, are trying to shelter.
There was another jolting impact, and pieces of glass fell all around him. Tim felt rain. He looked up and saw that the front windshield had broken out. There was just a ragged rim of glass and, beyond, the big head of the dinosaur.
Looking down at him.
Tim felt a sudden chill and then the head rushed forward toward him, the jaws open. There was the squeal of metal against teeth, and he felt the hot stinking breath of the animal and a thick tongue stuck into the car through the windshield opening. The tongue slapped wetly around inside the car-he felt the hot lather of dinosaur saliva —and the tyrannosaur roared — a deafening sound inside the car —The head pulled away abruptly.
Tim scrambled up; avoiding the dent in the roof there was stillroom to sit on the front seat by the passenger door. The tyrannosaur stood in the rain near the front fender. It seemed confused by what had happened to it. Blood dripped freely from its jaws.
The tyrannosaur looked at Tim, cocking its head to stare with one big eye. The head moved close to the car, sideways, and peered in. Blood spattered on the dented hood of the Land Cruiser, mixing with the rain.
It can’t get to me, Tim thought. It’s too big.
Then the head pulled away, and in the flare of lightning he saw the hind leg lift up. And the world tilted crazily as the Lana Cruiser slammed over on its side, the windows splitting in the mud. He saw Lex fall helplessly against the side window, and he fell down beside her, banging his head. Tim felt dizzy. Then the tyrannosaur’s jaws clamped onto the window frame, and the whole Land Cruiser was lifted up into the air, and shaken.
‘Timmy!’ Lex shrieked, so near to his ear that it hurt. She was suddenly awake, and he grabbed her as the tyrannosaur crashed the car down again. Tim felt a stabbing pain in his side, and his sister fell on top of him. The car went up again, tilting crazily. Lex shouted ‘Timmy!’ and he saw the door give way beneath her, and she fell out of the car into the mud, but Tim couldn't answer, because in the next instant everything swung crazily — he saw the trunks of the palm trees sliding downward past him —moving sideways through the air — he glimpsed the ground very far below — the hot roar of the tyrannosaur — the blazing eye — the tops of the palm trees.
And then, with a metallic scraping shriek, the car fell from the tyrannosaur’s jaws, a sickening fall, and Tim’s stomach heaved in the moment before the world became totally black, and silent.
Explanation
Explanation
Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
Generic structure of Explanation
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Language Feature of Explanation
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense
Exampel Teks Explanation
Text 1
The Process of Rain
Water in the earth is kept in many places like the ocean, the ocean, the river and the lake. But don't be wrong, the plants leaves and the land also kept water.
Each day, this water will evaporate with help of the sun. The process where water evaporates from plants is called transpiration. Afterwards the vapour will experience the process of condensation where the vapour will condense and turn into a cloud. The form of the cloud always changes according to weather conditions.
The clouds will move to different locations with the help of wind that bellows vertically or horizontally. The movement of the vertical wind results in the cloud forming big 'lumps'. After that, the wind increases the size of the cloud and each cloud will overlap. Finally the cloud will reach the atmosphere that has a lower temperature. Here the particles of water and ice is formed.
Eventually, the wind can not support the weight of the cloud and so the cloud that is full with water will experience a process called precipitation or the process where rain or hail falls to earth.
Text 2
Tsunami
Tsunami is a Japanese word, meaning, “harbor wave” and is used as the scientific term for a seismic sea wave generated by an undersea earthquake or possibly an undersea. Landslide or volcanic eruption. When the ocean floor is tilted or offset during an earthquake, a set of waves is created similar to the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into the water. Most tsunamis originate along the Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanoes and seismic activity, 32,500 km (24,000 ml) long that encircles the Pacific Ocean . Since 1819, about 40 tsunamis have struck the Hawaiian Islands .
A tsunami can have wave¬lengths or widths of 100 to 200 km (60 to 120 ml), and may travel hundreds of kilometres across the deep ocean, reaching Encarta Encyclopedia speeds of about 725 to 800 km/h (about 450 to 500 mph). Upon entering shallow coastal waters, the wave, which may have been only about half a meter (a foot or two) high out at sea, suddenly grows rapidly. When the wave reaches the shore, it may be 15 m (50 ft) high or more. Tsunamis have tremendous energy because of the great volume of water affected. They are capable of obliterating coastal settlements.
Tsunamis should not be confused with storm surges, which are domes of water that rise underneath hurricanes or cyclones and cause extensive coastal flooding when the storms reach land. Storm surges are particularly devastating if they occur at high tide. A cyclone and accompanying storm surge killed an estimated 500,000 people in Bangladesh in 1970.
Text 3
How It Works
Frogs are delightful creatures. Our country is home to more than 220 named species and they can be found in almost any Australian landscape. Most frogs lay eggs on land or in the water. Then, after the eggs hatch,
Tadpoles enter the water for two weeks to six months, depending on the temperature, before emerging as froglet (baby frog). Not all frogs do this. The hip~ pocket frog is a very interesting example of parental care. After the female hip-pocket frog has spawned, the male will lie on her eggs and about eight tadpoles wriggle up into each pocket where they grow into baby frogs. Australia ’s two species of gastric brooding frogs are even more amazing. They swallow their fertilised eggs and hatch the tadpoles in their stomachs. Six weeks later the _froglets emerge from their mother’s mouth.
Text 4
PETROLEUM PRODUCT
Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils, come from one source - crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
Crude oil welts flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent, or opaque. Their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds, which are possible because of the various positions, and varied joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapours. These products are the so-chatted tight oils, such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the tight oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.
Text 5
Early Dams
Dams have been built on rivers and streams all over the world for thousands of years. In the Egyptian desert cast of the Nile River are the remains of a masonry dam that probably dates back to 2500 BC. Other ancient darns have been found in present day Iraq , Syria , and Arabia . Most of these dams were used for collecting and storing water for irrigating the fields in the dry desert regions.
Early dams were built with rocks, earth, and wood. These dams worked fairly well unless the pressure of the water became too great, or they were overtopped by high flows of water; Then the dam would be washed away. Gradually men learned how to design dams that could withstand great pressure. New materials were added ’to strengthen the darns.
Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
Generic structure of Explanation
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Language Feature of Explanation
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense
Exampel Teks Explanation
Text 1
The Process of Rain
Water in the earth is kept in many places like the ocean, the ocean, the river and the lake. But don't be wrong, the plants leaves and the land also kept water.
Each day, this water will evaporate with help of the sun. The process where water evaporates from plants is called transpiration. Afterwards the vapour will experience the process of condensation where the vapour will condense and turn into a cloud. The form of the cloud always changes according to weather conditions.
The clouds will move to different locations with the help of wind that bellows vertically or horizontally. The movement of the vertical wind results in the cloud forming big 'lumps'. After that, the wind increases the size of the cloud and each cloud will overlap. Finally the cloud will reach the atmosphere that has a lower temperature. Here the particles of water and ice is formed.
Eventually, the wind can not support the weight of the cloud and so the cloud that is full with water will experience a process called precipitation or the process where rain or hail falls to earth.
Text 2
Tsunami
Tsunami is a Japanese word, meaning, “harbor wave” and is used as the scientific term for a seismic sea wave generated by an undersea earthquake or possibly an undersea. Landslide or volcanic eruption. When the ocean floor is tilted or offset during an earthquake, a set of waves is created similar to the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into the water. Most tsunamis originate along the Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanoes and seismic activity, 32,500 km (24,000 ml) long that encircles the Pacific Ocean . Since 1819, about 40 tsunamis have struck the Hawaiian Islands .
A tsunami can have wave¬lengths or widths of 100 to 200 km (60 to 120 ml), and may travel hundreds of kilometres across the deep ocean, reaching Encarta Encyclopedia speeds of about 725 to 800 km/h (about 450 to 500 mph). Upon entering shallow coastal waters, the wave, which may have been only about half a meter (a foot or two) high out at sea, suddenly grows rapidly. When the wave reaches the shore, it may be 15 m (50 ft) high or more. Tsunamis have tremendous energy because of the great volume of water affected. They are capable of obliterating coastal settlements.
Tsunamis should not be confused with storm surges, which are domes of water that rise underneath hurricanes or cyclones and cause extensive coastal flooding when the storms reach land. Storm surges are particularly devastating if they occur at high tide. A cyclone and accompanying storm surge killed an estimated 500,000 people in Bangladesh in 1970.
Text 3
How It Works
Frogs are delightful creatures. Our country is home to more than 220 named species and they can be found in almost any Australian landscape. Most frogs lay eggs on land or in the water. Then, after the eggs hatch,
Tadpoles enter the water for two weeks to six months, depending on the temperature, before emerging as froglet (baby frog). Not all frogs do this. The hip~ pocket frog is a very interesting example of parental care. After the female hip-pocket frog has spawned, the male will lie on her eggs and about eight tadpoles wriggle up into each pocket where they grow into baby frogs. Australia ’s two species of gastric brooding frogs are even more amazing. They swallow their fertilised eggs and hatch the tadpoles in their stomachs. Six weeks later the _froglets emerge from their mother’s mouth.
Text 4
PETROLEUM PRODUCT
Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils, come from one source - crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
Crude oil welts flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent, or opaque. Their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds, which are possible because of the various positions, and varied joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapours. These products are the so-chatted tight oils, such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the tight oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.
Text 5
Early Dams
Dams have been built on rivers and streams all over the world for thousands of years. In the Egyptian desert cast of the Nile River are the remains of a masonry dam that probably dates back to 2500 BC. Other ancient darns have been found in present day Iraq , Syria , and Arabia . Most of these dams were used for collecting and storing water for irrigating the fields in the dry desert regions.
Early dams were built with rocks, earth, and wood. These dams worked fairly well unless the pressure of the water became too great, or they were overtopped by high flows of water; Then the dam would be washed away. Gradually men learned how to design dams that could withstand great pressure. New materials were added ’to strengthen the darns.
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