Analytical Exposition
Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
Language Features of Analytical Exposition
• Using relational process
• Using internal conjunction
• Using causal conjunction
• Using Simple Present Tense
Exampel Teks Analitycal
Text 1
The importance of Reading
I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life. Why do I say so? Firstly, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world such as Science, technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.
Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something happening in any parts of the world which can we see directly.
Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we read books, newspaper or magazine on the entertainment coloumn such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc. To make us relaxed.
The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book about Irian Jaya we may feel we’re really sitting in the jungles not at home in our rooms.
From the facts above, it’s obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information and also entertainment. Or in summary we can say reading is truly important in our life.
Text 2
Learning English
Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.
Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.
Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample.
Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference.
In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.
Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.
From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.
Text 3
Smoking in Restaurant
Smoking in restaurants is just not on. It must not be allowed because it is rude, harmful to others and dangerous for the smokers.
Firstly, smoking in a restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all people and can turn them off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be put off by foul smelling smoke.
Another reason smoking should not be allowed in restaurant is the harm it can do to others. Passive smoking that is breathing in smoke made by a smoker can lead to asthma attacks and even cancer.
Finally, smoking is dangerous and a health risk to the smokers. Cigarettes cause heart and lung disease and people should not smoke anywhere, not just in restaurants.
Therefore, smoking in restaurants is impolite, harmful to others and a health risk to the smokers and should not be allowed in any restaurants.
Text 4
Dust Bin
To improve comfort and cleanliness at our school, a number of dust bins should be increased.
When we look at classrooms, school corridors and school yard, there are paper mineral water cups, straws, and napkins here and there. The condition of uncleanliness and discomfort really hinders learning and teaching environment. Litters thrown carelessly cause disease, especially empty plastic cup or glasses. They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed for dengue mosquitoes to spread out. Besides, these rubbish can deteriorate the scene. Well painted wall and green school yard do not mean anything litters are scattered everywhere.
Anyway I notice that most of the students in our school have responsibilities for the school environment. They put their litters on the proper places. But some are not diligent enough to find the dust bins. The numbers of dust binds in our schools are not enough. Ore dust bins should be put beside each of steps, outside of the classrooms, and some more also the corridors. Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when students want to throw away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, we do not have problems of freak and discomfort any more. Our school will be very clean and become a nice place to study.
Text 5
The Problem of Beeing to Fat
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body fat inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of health problem.
Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will work harder. It can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause diabetes and other serous disease.
Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women. They said that becoming too fat will bother their physical beauty appearance.
More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that overweight is not good enough for healthy life.
Sabtu, 10 April 2010
Discussion
Discussion
Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Example text Discussion
Text 1
the school’s new rule
Two students were discussing the school’s new rule that all the students must wear a cap and a tie. One of them showed her annoyance. She said that wearing a cap and a tie was only suitable for a flag ceremony. So, she was against the rule. Contrary to the girl’s opinion, the other student was glad with it. He said that he didn’t mind with the new rule because wearing a cap and a tie will make the students look great and like real educated persons. The first student gave the reasons that they would feel uncomfortable and hot. Moreover, the classrooms were not air conditioned. The second said it wasn’t a big problem. He was sure that the students would wear them proudly. They would surely be used to it any way.
Text 2
Giving Children Homework
There are a lot of discussion as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time?
Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further point they make is that a lot of homeworks are pointless and does not help the children learn at all.
However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school.
Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support.
I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time.
Text 3
The advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning
A few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even famous and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance learning courses and it is generally considered a way to improve one's life.
However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or disadvantage. Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any student’s convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed particular time and place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during off-hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take traditional class. With the online class system, the problem is absent.
Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is costly and needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have a computer with possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology devices are not always available for common students. Another disadvantage of distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional classroom, students have to wait for the feedback and comment until the instructor has review the works and sent response to them. Most of the time students will study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that social physical interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom
Regarding the individual’s learning style, some students are able to learn when there is a live interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher while others don’t really need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of person he/she is.
Text 4
Gift Cards Bring Advantages and Disadvantages
In retailers side, gift cards bring them some benefits. Selling gift card in simply selling product. When the cards are sold, they will get benefit. Additionally, gift card tends to be a matter of image and trend which means it is not strictly influenced by the functionality. Since gift card is the trend, the sales will increase significantly.
However, there is potential disadvantages in the side of consumers. For example, itune gift cards apply process in the way of completing the shopping. they need do one step to another steps in processing the shopping. Likely, most of the steps apply time and date of validity or expiration. When certain step loose that validating date, the gift cards may be in risk. The gift card can be rejected to redeem. Again, in retailers side, producing card its self is costly. It means that there is additional cost which retailers have to pay.
In whatever thing, we need to be wise. if we can use that gift card effectively, the disadvantages can be reduced.
Text 5
National Exam in Pros and Cons
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Example text Discussion
Text 1
the school’s new rule
Two students were discussing the school’s new rule that all the students must wear a cap and a tie. One of them showed her annoyance. She said that wearing a cap and a tie was only suitable for a flag ceremony. So, she was against the rule. Contrary to the girl’s opinion, the other student was glad with it. He said that he didn’t mind with the new rule because wearing a cap and a tie will make the students look great and like real educated persons. The first student gave the reasons that they would feel uncomfortable and hot. Moreover, the classrooms were not air conditioned. The second said it wasn’t a big problem. He was sure that the students would wear them proudly. They would surely be used to it any way.
Text 2
Giving Children Homework
There are a lot of discussion as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time?
Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further point they make is that a lot of homeworks are pointless and does not help the children learn at all.
However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school.
Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support.
I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time.
Text 3
The advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning
A few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even famous and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance learning courses and it is generally considered a way to improve one's life.
However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or disadvantage. Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any student’s convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed particular time and place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during off-hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take traditional class. With the online class system, the problem is absent.
Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is costly and needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have a computer with possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology devices are not always available for common students. Another disadvantage of distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional classroom, students have to wait for the feedback and comment until the instructor has review the works and sent response to them. Most of the time students will study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that social physical interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom
Regarding the individual’s learning style, some students are able to learn when there is a live interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher while others don’t really need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of person he/she is.
Text 4
Gift Cards Bring Advantages and Disadvantages
In retailers side, gift cards bring them some benefits. Selling gift card in simply selling product. When the cards are sold, they will get benefit. Additionally, gift card tends to be a matter of image and trend which means it is not strictly influenced by the functionality. Since gift card is the trend, the sales will increase significantly.
However, there is potential disadvantages in the side of consumers. For example, itune gift cards apply process in the way of completing the shopping. they need do one step to another steps in processing the shopping. Likely, most of the steps apply time and date of validity or expiration. When certain step loose that validating date, the gift cards may be in risk. The gift card can be rejected to redeem. Again, in retailers side, producing card its self is costly. It means that there is additional cost which retailers have to pay.
In whatever thing, we need to be wise. if we can use that gift card effectively, the disadvantages can be reduced.
Text 5
National Exam in Pros and Cons
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Review
Review
the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.
Example text Review
Text 1
The Last Emperor
Don’t go to see Don’t go to see The Last Emperor if you are expecting a history lesson. Bertolucci’s epic about the rise and fall of Pu Yi is hard to follow and confusing at times. But he has done a remarkable job of portraying the Chinese culture, and he has captured China in stunningly beautiful images. There are some touching scenes, as when the young Pu Yi’s nurse is taken from him. Unfortunately, the movie is too long and tends to drag at times.
Text 2
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Alex Fletcher (Hugh Grant) is a washed-up 80’s pop star who’s been reduced to working the nostalgia circuit at county fairs and amusement parks. The charismatic and talented musician gets a chance at a comeback when reigning diva Cora Corman (Haley Bennett) invites him to write and record a duet with her, but there’s a problem–Alex hasn’t written a song in years, he’s never written lyrics, and he has to come up with a hit in a matter of days, enter Sophie Fisher (Drew Barrymore), Alex’s attractively quirky lady, whose fl air for words strikes a chord with the struggling songwriter. On the rebound from a bad relationship,
Sophie is reluctant to collaborate with anyone, especially commitment-phobe Alex. As their chemistry heats up at the piano and under it, Alex and Sophie will have to face their fears–and the music–if they want to find the love and success they both deserve.
Text 3
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place in my heart.
I have to stay that of all the books, however, this was not my favourite.
When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works . . . you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping face of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we were reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures. Redding in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more into play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and tall, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.
The real story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book and this part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried! 0 as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.
Text 4
SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
If you are in the target three-to-nine year-old age group and a fan of the “The SpongeBob SquarePants” television series, you’ll probably like THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE, essentially an extended version of the cartoon series. Colorful and silly, the movie looks and sounds just like every other movie from Nickelodeon. Only the sassy Rugrats, with their sharply written dialog, manage to stand out among the Nickelodeon offerings. But, if your kids love SpongeBob SquarePants and a weekly dose isn’t enough for them, they’ll probably be begging you to take them to the movie version.
The plot starts with SpongeBob SquarePants (voiced by Tom Kenny) lamenting that he wasn’t chosen to be the manager of the Krusty Krab 2 restaurant, since his wall is filled with “Employee of Month” awards from original Krusty Krab. Other plot points include the stealing of the crown King Neptune (voiced by Jeffrey Tambor) and the enslavement of restaurant patrons by mind control helmet designed by Plankton (voiced by Mr. Lawrence) , the owner of a rival establishment of the Krusty Krab.
About as funny as the story ever gets is when someone asks SpongeBob SquarePants if he has a license to drive his hamburger car. “ You don’t need a license to drive a sandwich”, he explains. THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE is for fans only.
THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE runs 1.30. It is rated PG for “some mild crude humor” and would be acceptable for all ages.
My nephew William, age 10, and my niece Liana, age 7, both liked the movie, William liked SpongeBob the best while the princess was his sister’s favourite character. William’s favourite scene was the David Hasselhoff cameo.
Text 5
FILMS INTACT
Frederico and Sam are two lucky men, Frederico survived an earthquake and has the power to wrench fortune from those around him: he has the gift, Sam is a survivor of the Jewish holocaust and manages a casino in the middle of a lava desert. One day, Frederico challenges Sam who expels him from paradise, taking his gift from him.
Years later, Frederico thinks that he has found in Tomas, the only survivor of an air accident, the instrument of his vengeance. By teaching him to control fortune, he can use him to return to the casino and challenge the God of fortune. Together they begin a journey of initiation, a succession of ever more strange and difficult tests in which the highest bet is the luck of others; luck, which in this game is captured in a simple photograph. Everything goes well until Sara, a policewoman who survives a car accident which kills her family, becomes obsessed with discovering what is behind these clandestine games in which death and luck become enmeshed. In which only one ca remain intact. This film is really worth watchi
the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.
Example text Review
Text 1
The Last Emperor
Don’t go to see Don’t go to see The Last Emperor if you are expecting a history lesson. Bertolucci’s epic about the rise and fall of Pu Yi is hard to follow and confusing at times. But he has done a remarkable job of portraying the Chinese culture, and he has captured China in stunningly beautiful images. There are some touching scenes, as when the young Pu Yi’s nurse is taken from him. Unfortunately, the movie is too long and tends to drag at times.
Text 2
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Alex Fletcher (Hugh Grant) is a washed-up 80’s pop star who’s been reduced to working the nostalgia circuit at county fairs and amusement parks. The charismatic and talented musician gets a chance at a comeback when reigning diva Cora Corman (Haley Bennett) invites him to write and record a duet with her, but there’s a problem–Alex hasn’t written a song in years, he’s never written lyrics, and he has to come up with a hit in a matter of days, enter Sophie Fisher (Drew Barrymore), Alex’s attractively quirky lady, whose fl air for words strikes a chord with the struggling songwriter. On the rebound from a bad relationship,
Sophie is reluctant to collaborate with anyone, especially commitment-phobe Alex. As their chemistry heats up at the piano and under it, Alex and Sophie will have to face their fears–and the music–if they want to find the love and success they both deserve.
Text 3
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place in my heart.
I have to stay that of all the books, however, this was not my favourite.
When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works . . . you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping face of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we were reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures. Redding in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more into play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and tall, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.
The real story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book and this part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried! 0 as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.
Text 4
SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
If you are in the target three-to-nine year-old age group and a fan of the “The SpongeBob SquarePants” television series, you’ll probably like THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE, essentially an extended version of the cartoon series. Colorful and silly, the movie looks and sounds just like every other movie from Nickelodeon. Only the sassy Rugrats, with their sharply written dialog, manage to stand out among the Nickelodeon offerings. But, if your kids love SpongeBob SquarePants and a weekly dose isn’t enough for them, they’ll probably be begging you to take them to the movie version.
The plot starts with SpongeBob SquarePants (voiced by Tom Kenny) lamenting that he wasn’t chosen to be the manager of the Krusty Krab 2 restaurant, since his wall is filled with “Employee of Month” awards from original Krusty Krab. Other plot points include the stealing of the crown King Neptune (voiced by Jeffrey Tambor) and the enslavement of restaurant patrons by mind control helmet designed by Plankton (voiced by Mr. Lawrence) , the owner of a rival establishment of the Krusty Krab.
About as funny as the story ever gets is when someone asks SpongeBob SquarePants if he has a license to drive his hamburger car. “ You don’t need a license to drive a sandwich”, he explains. THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE is for fans only.
THE SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS MOVIE runs 1.30. It is rated PG for “some mild crude humor” and would be acceptable for all ages.
My nephew William, age 10, and my niece Liana, age 7, both liked the movie, William liked SpongeBob the best while the princess was his sister’s favourite character. William’s favourite scene was the David Hasselhoff cameo.
Text 5
FILMS INTACT
Frederico and Sam are two lucky men, Frederico survived an earthquake and has the power to wrench fortune from those around him: he has the gift, Sam is a survivor of the Jewish holocaust and manages a casino in the middle of a lava desert. One day, Frederico challenges Sam who expels him from paradise, taking his gift from him.
Years later, Frederico thinks that he has found in Tomas, the only survivor of an air accident, the instrument of his vengeance. By teaching him to control fortune, he can use him to return to the casino and challenge the God of fortune. Together they begin a journey of initiation, a succession of ever more strange and difficult tests in which the highest bet is the luck of others; luck, which in this game is captured in a simple photograph. Everything goes well until Sara, a policewoman who survives a car accident which kills her family, becomes obsessed with discovering what is behind these clandestine games in which death and luck become enmeshed. In which only one ca remain intact. This film is really worth watchi
report
Report
Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis
Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense
Example Text Report
Text 1
GIRAFFE’S SPOT
Most people don’t notice that giraffes have different patterns of spots. Certain species of giraffes have small spots. Other species have large spots. Some species have spots than are very regular. You can tell where one spot ends and another begins.
Other species have spots that are kind of blotchy. This means the spots are not set off from each other as clearly. These are only two of many kind of spots. The pattern of giraffe’s spots is called “marking”. No two giraffes have exactly the same marking.
Giraffe’s spots help them to blend in with their surroundings in Africa where they live. Being able to blend with surroundings helps animals survive. If a lion can’t see a giraffe, he certainly can’t eat it. This is called ‘protective coloration’. The animal’s colour helps to protect it.
Another thing that protects giraffes is their keen eyesight. Their large eyes are on the sides of their heads. Giraffes see anything that moves. They can see another animal a mile away. It is very hard to sneak up on a giraffe. Those who try usually get a quick kick with a powerful back leg.
Text 2
NEWSPAPERS
Newspapers are just what their name says. They are papers that print news. They first appeared in the 1400s just after printing began. Printers produced pamphlets telling people what was happening in the country and what they thought about it.
Modern newspapers first appeared in the 1700s. Today, there are newspapers in almost every country in the world, in many different languages. Some are printed everyday, some are every week.
One of the oldest newspapers is The Times which is printed in London . It began in 1785 when it was called the Universal Daily Register. It changed its name to The Times in 1788.
Our country, Indonesia , also has a lot of newspapers. There are 94 newspapers in Indonesia . The publishing is concentrated in large cities. Jakarta has 24 dailies with half the total national circulation. Manado has 15 dailies, Medan has 12, and Surabaya has 9.
The national news agency of Indonesia is Antara (Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara). It has domestic bureaus in thirty two provincial capitals and six foreign bureaus. Antara is an independent news agency.
Text 3
MUSIC
Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.
There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.
Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe . Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.
Jazz has also developed in Indonesia . Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.
Text 4
E-MAIL
Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.
There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.
Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe . Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.
Jazz has also developed in Indonesia . Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.
Text 5
SMS (Short Message Service)
SMS (Short Message Service) is a communications system which exchanges short text messages between mobile telephone devices. The SMS facilitates the development and growth of text messaging.
Messages are sent to a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) which provides a store-and-forward mechanism. It attempts to send messages to their recipients. If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide a "forward and forget" option where message delivery is tried only once. Message delivery is best effort, so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient. Delay or complete loss of a message is not uncommon, particularly when sending between networks. Users may choose to request delivery reports, which can provide confirmation that the message has reached the intended recipient.
The maximum single text message size is either 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. Characters in languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Slavic languages (e.g., Russian) must be encoded using the 16-bit UCS-2 character encoding.
Larger content (known as "long SMS" or multipart or segmented SMS) can be sent using multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a user data header (UDH) containing segmentation information. Long messages are often billed as equivalent to multiple SMS messages.
Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis
Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense
Example Text Report
Text 1
GIRAFFE’S SPOT
Most people don’t notice that giraffes have different patterns of spots. Certain species of giraffes have small spots. Other species have large spots. Some species have spots than are very regular. You can tell where one spot ends and another begins.
Other species have spots that are kind of blotchy. This means the spots are not set off from each other as clearly. These are only two of many kind of spots. The pattern of giraffe’s spots is called “marking”. No two giraffes have exactly the same marking.
Giraffe’s spots help them to blend in with their surroundings in Africa where they live. Being able to blend with surroundings helps animals survive. If a lion can’t see a giraffe, he certainly can’t eat it. This is called ‘protective coloration’. The animal’s colour helps to protect it.
Another thing that protects giraffes is their keen eyesight. Their large eyes are on the sides of their heads. Giraffes see anything that moves. They can see another animal a mile away. It is very hard to sneak up on a giraffe. Those who try usually get a quick kick with a powerful back leg.
Text 2
NEWSPAPERS
Newspapers are just what their name says. They are papers that print news. They first appeared in the 1400s just after printing began. Printers produced pamphlets telling people what was happening in the country and what they thought about it.
Modern newspapers first appeared in the 1700s. Today, there are newspapers in almost every country in the world, in many different languages. Some are printed everyday, some are every week.
One of the oldest newspapers is The Times which is printed in London . It began in 1785 when it was called the Universal Daily Register. It changed its name to The Times in 1788.
Our country, Indonesia , also has a lot of newspapers. There are 94 newspapers in Indonesia . The publishing is concentrated in large cities. Jakarta has 24 dailies with half the total national circulation. Manado has 15 dailies, Medan has 12, and Surabaya has 9.
The national news agency of Indonesia is Antara (Lembaga Kantor Berita Nasional Antara). It has domestic bureaus in thirty two provincial capitals and six foreign bureaus. Antara is an independent news agency.
Text 3
MUSIC
Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.
There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.
Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe . Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.
Jazz has also developed in Indonesia . Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.
Text 4
Music may be defined as the art of organizing sounds and silences into meaningful patterns. Music is one of the oldest arts. In the world history, every civilization is accompanied by any form of music. Thus, music is a part of every civilization.
There are many kinds of music, such as a classical music, waltz, jazz, pop music, and rock'n roll music. In this text we are going to discuss about jazz music.
Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of black Americans. It was intended for singing, dancing, entertaining and party atmosphere. Since then, jazz continued to develop. There are many leading singers, instrumentalists, and composers in the world. Jazz also influenced almost every other kind of music. Jazz represents a blending of musical elements from Africa and from Europe . Jazz uses some European ideas of harmony and melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. It is irregular in rhythm.
Jazz has also developed in Indonesia . Most people in Indonesia know who Ireng Maulana is. He and his band often appear on television. His band is one of the leading jazz music bands.
Text 5
SMS (Short Message Service)
SMS (Short Message Service) is a communications system which exchanges short text messages between mobile telephone devices. The SMS facilitates the development and growth of text messaging.
Messages are sent to a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) which provides a store-and-forward mechanism. It attempts to send messages to their recipients. If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide a "forward and forget" option where message delivery is tried only once. Message delivery is best effort, so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient. Delay or complete loss of a message is not uncommon, particularly when sending between networks. Users may choose to request delivery reports, which can provide confirmation that the message has reached the intended recipient.
The maximum single text message size is either 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. Characters in languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Slavic languages (e.g., Russian) must be encoded using the 16-bit UCS-2 character encoding.
Larger content (known as "long SMS" or multipart or segmented SMS) can be sent using multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a user data header (UDH) containing segmentation information. Long messages are often billed as equivalent to multiple SMS messages.
Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory Exposition
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.
A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments
B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition
1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.
Example Text Hortatory Expotition
Text 1
SPACE TRAVEL
Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth. Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth.
Text 2
TV Pernyataan isue yang dipersoalkan
Argumentasi
Rekomendasi
Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course yes. Television can expose things you have tried to protect them from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism, etc.
A study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or bedtime often causes bedtime disruption, stress, and short of sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioned above, protect your children with the following tips:
1. Limit television viewing to 1 – 2 hours each day
2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms
3. Review the rating of TV shows that your children watch
4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening the show
Text 3
ADVERTISEMEN
Dear Editor,
We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons.
First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.
Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.
Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone’s favourite.
For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people’s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.
Text 4
OLD ENOUGHT
Old Enough?
When a person old enough to be responsible for a crime? This question needs to be investigated because the current law is not good enough
The law at present protects children aged between ten years and four years from being punished for committing crimes. It is believed that children under fourteen years are too young to realize the seriousness of their crimes. Mr. Stephen Scarlett, head of the NSW Children’s Court, describes how clever young offenders use this defense, saying that they are too young to understand that they have broken the law. Mr. Scarlett, an expert on this subject, states that the age should be dropped from fourteen to twelve years. I agree with this.
Teenagers these days are far more sophisticated than those in the past. The law should recognize this. In a recent survey some people suggested that the age for being responsible for a crime should be dropped to eight years old. This, I feel, is too young. Fourteen, however, is too old. Is there anyone who believes that a fourteen-year-old does not know that it is against the law to steal or vandalize property? By the age of twelve, children are aware of what is legal and what is not.
Public pressure creates change. It is now up to the public to put pressure on the government to change the age at which a person may be held responsible for a crime from fourteen years to twelve years. Out of date laws have no place in a modern society, especially one that needs people to be responsible for their actions.
Text 5
STUDENT’ CHEATING
Students’ cheating is one of the biggest problems faced by teachers nowadays.
Despite the fact that teachers advise their students not to do dishonest acts during tests, some students still do cheating. There are many kinds of cheating that students do during the test or examination, such as looking other students’ work, put some notes under their clothes, write notes or formulas on their desks make hand signals or go to rest rooms to get the answers from their friends.
In my view, students who do cheating are committing a crime. It is a sort of taking something illegally. This crime causes negative results to the students. Students who always cheat deteriorate their mental capacity. Cheating acts also create dependence. They weaken their self confidence. Instead of preparing for the coming test, they are busy to organize notes on a piece of paper. If this awful habit continues, the students will lose their opportunity to develop their intellectual and mind.
Therefore, school should consider cheating as a very serious problem. School board and administration should go hand to overcome this matter. Honesty must be put in school’s vision. Harsh punishment must be applied to students who commit this crime.
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.
A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments
B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition
1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.
Example Text Hortatory Expotition
Text 1
SPACE TRAVEL
Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth. Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth.
Text 2
TV Pernyataan isue yang dipersoalkan
Argumentasi
Rekomendasi
Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course yes. Television can expose things you have tried to protect them from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism, etc.
A study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or bedtime often causes bedtime disruption, stress, and short of sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioned above, protect your children with the following tips:
1. Limit television viewing to 1 – 2 hours each day
2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms
3. Review the rating of TV shows that your children watch
4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening the show
Text 3
ADVERTISEMEN
Dear Editor,
We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons.
First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.
Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.
Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone’s favourite.
For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people’s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.
Text 4
OLD ENOUGHT
Old Enough?
When a person old enough to be responsible for a crime? This question needs to be investigated because the current law is not good enough
The law at present protects children aged between ten years and four years from being punished for committing crimes. It is believed that children under fourteen years are too young to realize the seriousness of their crimes. Mr. Stephen Scarlett, head of the NSW Children’s Court, describes how clever young offenders use this defense, saying that they are too young to understand that they have broken the law. Mr. Scarlett, an expert on this subject, states that the age should be dropped from fourteen to twelve years. I agree with this.
Teenagers these days are far more sophisticated than those in the past. The law should recognize this. In a recent survey some people suggested that the age for being responsible for a crime should be dropped to eight years old. This, I feel, is too young. Fourteen, however, is too old. Is there anyone who believes that a fourteen-year-old does not know that it is against the law to steal or vandalize property? By the age of twelve, children are aware of what is legal and what is not.
Public pressure creates change. It is now up to the public to put pressure on the government to change the age at which a person may be held responsible for a crime from fourteen years to twelve years. Out of date laws have no place in a modern society, especially one that needs people to be responsible for their actions.
Text 5
STUDENT’ CHEATING
Students’ cheating is one of the biggest problems faced by teachers nowadays.
Despite the fact that teachers advise their students not to do dishonest acts during tests, some students still do cheating. There are many kinds of cheating that students do during the test or examination, such as looking other students’ work, put some notes under their clothes, write notes or formulas on their desks make hand signals or go to rest rooms to get the answers from their friends.
In my view, students who do cheating are committing a crime. It is a sort of taking something illegally. This crime causes negative results to the students. Students who always cheat deteriorate their mental capacity. Cheating acts also create dependence. They weaken their self confidence. Instead of preparing for the coming test, they are busy to organize notes on a piece of paper. If this awful habit continues, the students will lose their opportunity to develop their intellectual and mind.
Therefore, school should consider cheating as a very serious problem. School board and administration should go hand to overcome this matter. Honesty must be put in school’s vision. Harsh punishment must be applied to students who commit this crime.
Spoof
Spoof
Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Exampel Texs Spoof
Text 1
Al Brown
Al Brown was very good at fixing things around the house when they broke. One day he went to another city to do some work there, and his wife was alone in the house. While Mr. Brown was away, one of the faucets on the bathtub broke. Mrs. Brown didn’t know much about fixing broken faucets, so she telephoned a plumber.
The plumber came to the house that afternoon and fixed the faucet in few minutes. When he finished, he gave Mrs. Brown his bill for the work.
She looked at it for several seconds and then said, “Your prices are very high, aren’t they? Do you know, the doctor costs less than this when he comes to the house?”
“Yes, I know,” answered the plumber.” I know that very well, because I was a doctor until I was lucky enough to find this job a few months ago.”
Text 2
Ferocious Lion
Bert was telling his friend, Justin, about his Safari Trip in Africa . “I came face to face with a ferocious lion. He was snarling, showing me his long sharp teeth. He was literally salivating at seeing me. Man! I’d never been so scared before.”
“Wow! I’m glad I wasn’t in your shoes! So what happened next? Did you shoot him?”
“No, I didn’t have my gun with me.”
“You didn’t? Oh, man! That was really dumb.”
“Yeah, it was so stupid of me. Anyway, there I stood alone, without gun. The lion crept closer and closer and closer…. and I ….” Bert stopped and heaved a deep sigh, impatiently, Justin cried, “Come on, man! What did you do?”
Text 3
Hi CHICKEN FOR DINNER?
A landowner from Seoul went to visit his farmer in the countryside and was treated to a grand dinner of boiled chicken.
In the course of the meal, the farmer’s youngest son ran in, shouting, “There it is! He’s eating the dead chicken.”
The landowner thought that he had been served a long dead chicken. So he put down his chopsticks and told the servant to clear the table, politely saying, “This is enough for me. My stomach can’t take any more food.”
Just then, the boy started eating the chicken’s leg greedily saying at the same time, “Oh, this is really delicious.”
“Why are you eating the dead chicken?” asked the surprised landowner
“Who eats live chicken?” replied the boy
s pal shrugged his shoulders and said, “What could I do? I moved on to the next cage.”
Text 4
Mary
One day I asked Mary to do an exercise on the blackboard. When she got the front of the room, everybody began laughing. Mary would usually take any opportunity to get a laugh, so I was always on guard. This time, though, I really couldn’t see what was so funny. Then I noticed her stockings. She was wearing one red stocking and one blue one.
“What unusual stockings,” I remarked casually to Mary, hoping to stop the laughter by getting in on the joke.
“I’m so glad you like them,” Mary said seriously, “I have another pair at home just like them.”
I saw that this delighted the class even more. I’ve decided not to call on Mary again for some time.
Text 5
A Small Experiment
A Small Experiment
An elderly gentleman of 85 feared his wife was getting hard of hearing. So one day he called her doctor to make an appointment to have her hearing checked. The Doctor made an appointment for a hearing test in two weeks, and meanwhile there’s a simple informal test the husband could do to give the doctor some idea of the state of her problem.
“Here’s what you do,” said the doctor, “start out about 40 feet away from her, and in a normal conversational speaking tone see if she hears you. If not, go to 30 feet, then 20 feet, and so on until you get a response.”
That evening, the wife is in the kitchen cooking dinner, and he’s in the living room. He says to himself, “I’m about 40 feet away, let’s see what happens.”
Then in a normal tone he asks, “Honey, what’s for supper?” No response.
So the husband moved to the other end of the room, about 30 feet from his wife and repeats, “Honey, what’s for supper?” Still no response.
Next, he moves into the dining room where he is about 20 feet from his wife and asks, “Honey, what’s for supper?” Again he gets no response.
So he walks up to the kitchen door, only 10 feet away. “Honey, what’s for supper?” Again there is no response.
So he walks right up behind her. “Honey, what’s for supper?”
“Damn it Earl, for the fifth time, CHICKEN!”
Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Exampel Texs Spoof
Text 1
Al Brown
Al Brown was very good at fixing things around the house when they broke. One day he went to another city to do some work there, and his wife was alone in the house. While Mr. Brown was away, one of the faucets on the bathtub broke. Mrs. Brown didn’t know much about fixing broken faucets, so she telephoned a plumber.
The plumber came to the house that afternoon and fixed the faucet in few minutes. When he finished, he gave Mrs. Brown his bill for the work.
She looked at it for several seconds and then said, “Your prices are very high, aren’t they? Do you know, the doctor costs less than this when he comes to the house?”
“Yes, I know,” answered the plumber.” I know that very well, because I was a doctor until I was lucky enough to find this job a few months ago.”
Text 2
Ferocious Lion
Bert was telling his friend, Justin, about his Safari Trip in Africa . “I came face to face with a ferocious lion. He was snarling, showing me his long sharp teeth. He was literally salivating at seeing me. Man! I’d never been so scared before.”
“Wow! I’m glad I wasn’t in your shoes! So what happened next? Did you shoot him?”
“No, I didn’t have my gun with me.”
“You didn’t? Oh, man! That was really dumb.”
“Yeah, it was so stupid of me. Anyway, there I stood alone, without gun. The lion crept closer and closer and closer…. and I ….” Bert stopped and heaved a deep sigh, impatiently, Justin cried, “Come on, man! What did you do?”
Text 3
Hi CHICKEN FOR DINNER?
A landowner from Seoul went to visit his farmer in the countryside and was treated to a grand dinner of boiled chicken.
In the course of the meal, the farmer’s youngest son ran in, shouting, “There it is! He’s eating the dead chicken.”
The landowner thought that he had been served a long dead chicken. So he put down his chopsticks and told the servant to clear the table, politely saying, “This is enough for me. My stomach can’t take any more food.”
Just then, the boy started eating the chicken’s leg greedily saying at the same time, “Oh, this is really delicious.”
“Why are you eating the dead chicken?” asked the surprised landowner
“Who eats live chicken?” replied the boy
s pal shrugged his shoulders and said, “What could I do? I moved on to the next cage.”
Text 4
Mary
One day I asked Mary to do an exercise on the blackboard. When she got the front of the room, everybody began laughing. Mary would usually take any opportunity to get a laugh, so I was always on guard. This time, though, I really couldn’t see what was so funny. Then I noticed her stockings. She was wearing one red stocking and one blue one.
“What unusual stockings,” I remarked casually to Mary, hoping to stop the laughter by getting in on the joke.
“I’m so glad you like them,” Mary said seriously, “I have another pair at home just like them.”
I saw that this delighted the class even more. I’ve decided not to call on Mary again for some time.
Text 5
A Small Experiment
A Small Experiment
An elderly gentleman of 85 feared his wife was getting hard of hearing. So one day he called her doctor to make an appointment to have her hearing checked. The Doctor made an appointment for a hearing test in two weeks, and meanwhile there’s a simple informal test the husband could do to give the doctor some idea of the state of her problem.
“Here’s what you do,” said the doctor, “start out about 40 feet away from her, and in a normal conversational speaking tone see if she hears you. If not, go to 30 feet, then 20 feet, and so on until you get a response.”
That evening, the wife is in the kitchen cooking dinner, and he’s in the living room. He says to himself, “I’m about 40 feet away, let’s see what happens.”
Then in a normal tone he asks, “Honey, what’s for supper?” No response.
So the husband moved to the other end of the room, about 30 feet from his wife and repeats, “Honey, what’s for supper?” Still no response.
Next, he moves into the dining room where he is about 20 feet from his wife and asks, “Honey, what’s for supper?” Again he gets no response.
So he walks up to the kitchen door, only 10 feet away. “Honey, what’s for supper?” Again there is no response.
So he walks right up behind her. “Honey, what’s for supper?”
“Damn it Earl, for the fifth time, CHICKEN!”
News Item
News Item
Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Exampel Texs News Item
Text 1
Phil Young
BUILDER Phil Young is celebrating a very special anniversary today – it is exactly one year since he was operated on at St Bartholomew’s hospital and given a new heart.
Mr. Young, 47, of Tottenham, is now so full of energy that he is training to play in a charity football match to raise money for the hospital’s transplant programme. So far eleven people have been given new hearts.
Mr. Young wants to help others like himself. In 1990 he was seriously ill with heart disease. He couldn’t work, he couldn’t climb the stairs, and he had two young sons to look after.
Now the boys are helping to train their father for the ball match. “My boss is very pleased that I am so fit again,” said Mr. Young. “I have become a real father to them again. We don’t just play football – we go jogging and swimming and play snooker together. I hope more people will help by the hospital, as I was.
Text 2
100 million rupiah
An Indonesian businessman plans to throw 100 million rupiah (US$10,600) out of an airplane over the capital this Sunday as a publicity stunt to promote his new book.
“I want to create a rain of money in Jakarta ,” author and motivator speaker Tung Desem Waringin said, “It’s a little bit crazy, but it’s marketing.”
Police spokesman Col I Ketut Untung said authorities may not allow the plan to go forward because it could draw huge crowds and cause chaos.
Ten of millions of Indonesians live on less than US$1 a day and food and aid giveaways always draw large numbers.
The 42-year-old Tung said instead of opting for regular advertising for his book, he came up with an idea that “will make people happy.”
Text 3
China Denies Island Dispute, Seeks Talks
BEIJING (AFP): China denied yesterday that any dispute existed between itself and Indonesia over the South China Sea’s Natuna Island , but said it was willing to hold talks with Jakarta to settle demarcation.
There is no dispute between China and Indonesia on possession of the Natuna Islands ,’ said foreign ministry spokesman Chen Jian when asked about reports of growing concerns in Jakarta over Chinese interest in a gas-rich zone near the archipelago.
“We’re willing to hold talks with the Indonesian side to settle demarcation of this area.” Chen added, without elaborating. China is one of the six nations which claims all or part of the Spratly Island in the South China Sea and its interpretation of that claim includes part of the large Indonesian maritime zone of Natuna, between Borneo and the Malaysian Peninsula . United States oil giant Exxon signed a contract in November with the Indonesia state owned firm Pertamina to exploit a natural gas field, 250 kilometres northeast of Natuna, in a zone apparently claimed by China.
China has lodged no official protest over the deal. Indonesia has sent a diplomatic note to Beijing expressing its condemn the moment it found out that the latest Chinese official map showed Natuna as within dotted line of its boundary.
Text 4
Supervisor
SINGAPORE : A supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote.
Muhammad Shafiq Woon Abdullah was brought to court in Singapore because he had physically hurt the woman on several occasions between June and October 2002, the Straits Time said.
The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.
He hit her on the head with the TV sets remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On the occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.
S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said that his client had become mad when he saw his daughter’s face covered as she was lying in bed. He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.
Text 5
Yogya Reports Rise in Dengue
Yogyakarta: Two chidren in Yogyakarta died of dengue fever at Sardjito Hospital Monday, raising to 12 the number of deaths caused by the disease in the last four moths. “They were very ill when they arrived. We did our best.” The head of the hospital’s pediatric ward, Ida Safitri, said on Tuesday.
Sadjito spokesman Trisno Heru Nigroho said there had been a significant increase in the number of dengue fever patients at the hospital in recent months. In January, 69 patients were treated at the hospital, 88 in February and 102 in March.
Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Exampel Texs News Item
Text 1
Phil Young
BUILDER Phil Young is celebrating a very special anniversary today – it is exactly one year since he was operated on at St Bartholomew’s hospital and given a new heart.
Mr. Young, 47, of Tottenham, is now so full of energy that he is training to play in a charity football match to raise money for the hospital’s transplant programme. So far eleven people have been given new hearts.
Mr. Young wants to help others like himself. In 1990 he was seriously ill with heart disease. He couldn’t work, he couldn’t climb the stairs, and he had two young sons to look after.
Now the boys are helping to train their father for the ball match. “My boss is very pleased that I am so fit again,” said Mr. Young. “I have become a real father to them again. We don’t just play football – we go jogging and swimming and play snooker together. I hope more people will help by the hospital, as I was.
Text 2
100 million rupiah
An Indonesian businessman plans to throw 100 million rupiah (US$10,600) out of an airplane over the capital this Sunday as a publicity stunt to promote his new book.
“I want to create a rain of money in Jakarta ,” author and motivator speaker Tung Desem Waringin said, “It’s a little bit crazy, but it’s marketing.”
Police spokesman Col I Ketut Untung said authorities may not allow the plan to go forward because it could draw huge crowds and cause chaos.
Ten of millions of Indonesians live on less than US$1 a day and food and aid giveaways always draw large numbers.
The 42-year-old Tung said instead of opting for regular advertising for his book, he came up with an idea that “will make people happy.”
Text 3
China Denies Island Dispute, Seeks Talks
BEIJING (AFP): China denied yesterday that any dispute existed between itself and Indonesia over the South China Sea’s Natuna Island , but said it was willing to hold talks with Jakarta to settle demarcation.
There is no dispute between China and Indonesia on possession of the Natuna Islands ,’ said foreign ministry spokesman Chen Jian when asked about reports of growing concerns in Jakarta over Chinese interest in a gas-rich zone near the archipelago.
“We’re willing to hold talks with the Indonesian side to settle demarcation of this area.” Chen added, without elaborating. China is one of the six nations which claims all or part of the Spratly Island in the South China Sea and its interpretation of that claim includes part of the large Indonesian maritime zone of Natuna, between Borneo and the Malaysian Peninsula . United States oil giant Exxon signed a contract in November with the Indonesia state owned firm Pertamina to exploit a natural gas field, 250 kilometres northeast of Natuna, in a zone apparently claimed by China.
China has lodged no official protest over the deal. Indonesia has sent a diplomatic note to Beijing expressing its condemn the moment it found out that the latest Chinese official map showed Natuna as within dotted line of its boundary.
Text 4
Supervisor
SINGAPORE : A supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote.
Muhammad Shafiq Woon Abdullah was brought to court in Singapore because he had physically hurt the woman on several occasions between June and October 2002, the Straits Time said.
The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.
He hit her on the head with the TV sets remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On the occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.
S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said that his client had become mad when he saw his daughter’s face covered as she was lying in bed. He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.
Text 5
Yogya Reports Rise in Dengue
Yogyakarta: Two chidren in Yogyakarta died of dengue fever at Sardjito Hospital Monday, raising to 12 the number of deaths caused by the disease in the last four moths. “They were very ill when they arrived. We did our best.” The head of the hospital’s pediatric ward, Ida Safitri, said on Tuesday.
Sadjito spokesman Trisno Heru Nigroho said there had been a significant increase in the number of dengue fever patients at the hospital in recent months. In January, 69 patients were treated at the hospital, 88 in February and 102 in March.
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